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Bio test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What type of chromosome describes the genomes of most bacteria | one circular, double stranded dna chromosome |
| tdescribes cell-to-cell DNA transfer between bacterial cells | gene transfer |
| What does having higher fitness mean in an evolutionary sense | individuals with traits favorable for current conditions are more likely to survive and reproduce |
| phrased best describes evolution | a change in allele frequencies in a population over time |
| definition of adaptation | an inherited trait that increases the survival and reproduction of organisms that bear it |
| disruptive (diversifying) selection | the 2 extremes of an attribute are yield better results |
| stabilizing selection | reduces genetic diversity but favoring the intermediate trait |
| directional selection | one favorable trait that shifts the population |
| frequency-dependent selection | positive or negatively skews how favorable a trait variation is |
| What part of the bacteria is disrupted by the antibiotic | the cell walls |
| What changes in a bacterial cell might reduce the effectiveness of beta-lactam antibiotics | the presence of enzymes that are able to break down the antibiotic |
| a bacteria resistant to a antibiotic may spend a lot of energy producing proteins that are needed for resistance. What would be the effect on this cell's fitness if no antibiotic | fitness would be lower than other strains that lack resistance because it is spending energy that the resistance strains can use for other purposes such as reproduction |
| Why are antibiotic strains more common in hospitals | antibiotics are more likely in hospitals, thus selecting for resistant strains |
| an organisms fitness depends on its | ability to survive and reproduce |
| Process that causes resistant bacteria to increase and sensitive bacteria to decrease | natural selection |
| Why aren't human populations evolving to produce immune systems to fight off superbugs | rate of human evolution is much slower than bacterial evolution |
| Why would natural bacteria produce sensitive and resistant bacteria even if it never encountered antibiotics | it developed in a mutation and had no negative affect on survival |
| individual who cares disease without symptoms is | colonized |
| only real way to prevent the evolution of new antibiotic-resistant bacteria | stop using antibiotics entirely |
| How can you determine the age of fossils | dating relative to the surrounding rock layers and conducting radiometric dating |
| Describes radiometric dating | uses isotopes to determine the age of fossils and rocks on a scale of absolute time |
| How do scientists use fossils to draw conclusions about the evolution of life on earth | can provide a timeline for when certain types of life existed on Earth |
| how homologous structures evolve? | basic structure inherited form a common ancestor may evolve differently |
| a vestigial structure is | a beneficial structure that no longer has a use |
| what was modified in tetrapod to form ears and other structures of the head and neck | pharyngeal slits |
| How is the tissue level different from other levels of life | it is a level where multiple organisms work together for the common goal |
| how is the organ level different form other levels of life | it is the first level where different types of tissue work together |
| how is the cellular level different from other levels of life | a collection of molecules and reactions that form the basic units of all living things |
| Why does skin flush with increased body temperature | the blood vessels dilate close to the skin |
| What is hypoxia | oxygen deficiency in the tissue |
| Which structure is more developed animal brains is responsible for temperature control and is therefore sometimes referred to as the thermostat of the body | The hypothalamus |
| What organ system is responsible for protecting the body against mechanical injury, invasion of pathogens, and dehydration | integumentary |
| what is a hormone | a signaling molecule secreted by the endocrine system that targets specific cells |
| What are the major hormones produced by the pancreas | insulin and glucagon |
| what are the functions performed by the kidneys | maintain water/salt balance, regulate blood pressure, excrete metabolic wastes |
| where are melanocytes located | epidermis |
| why high-uv light scenarios favor individuals with dark skin compared to with light skin | UV penetrates light skin more readily than dark skin |
| Which statement is a tenet of the out of Africa hypothesis for the origin of modern humans | modern humans evolved in africa and migrated out |
| How are mitochondrial genes typically inherited | inherited their mitochondrial DNA from their mother |
| identify the examples of hominids | chimpanzees, orangutans, humans, bonobos |
| What species is considered the first human species | homo habilis |
| Identify the defining characteristics of Homo sapiens | big brain, walk upright |
| What human species was first able to control fire | homo erectus |
| What was the advantage of early human species losing body hair and subsequently developing darker skin | maintain activity for longer periods of time without overheating |
| Example that would most likely result in fossilization include | a beetle that becomes trapped in tree sap |
| Fossils are generally going to be more useful for studying animals that lived in or near water because | animals that fell into the water are more likely to be in the condition after fossilization |
| Shubin and Daeschler specifically traveled to Ellesmere Island to hunt for fossils because | the fossils were the right age for vertebrate fossils |
| Which change in the evolutionary history of horses is documented by the fossil record | increase height, decrease toes |
| Tiktaalik fossil | it displays both aquatic and land-dwelling species |
| A transitional fossil should | share some similarities with the species before and after |
| What can we learn about verebrate evolution form Tiktaalik that we didnt know before | how they evolved tetrapod limbs |
| The variation in shape and function of the forelimb in tetrapods is a result of | different environments leading to the evolution of different types of limbs |
| different animals have the same bones in the same order although very different | homology |
| why homologous structures may look very different when comparing species | millions of years, different purposes, and different environments |
| All organisms share the same four nucleotides, it is the ___ of these nucleotides that make a species unique | sequence |
| Some portions of DNA function as a kind of evolutionary clock when comparing two different species because | mutations accumulate at a known rate |
| Where is the oldest know fossil | Morocco in northwest Africa |
| Why do offspring not inherit paternal mitochondrial DNA | the large surplus of maternal mito. overtake the paternal mito. |
| how did scientists determine where humans first evolved and how they spread | used the regular rate of mutation in mtDNA to determine ancestorial connections |
| accurate description of hominid evolution | the last common ancestor of modern humans and great apes lived 13 million years ago |
| The fossil remains of Ardipithecus ramidus showed that | the ability to walk upright preceded the evolution of a large brain |
| Bariatric surgery | minimally invasive with low risk for weight loss |
| Order of digestive organs | mouth, throat, stomach, small, large intestine |
| Which function is performed by the stomach | storing food, passing chyme into the small intestines, churning acid and pepsin with food to make chyme, absorbing water ans certain drugs |
| Salivary amylase breaks down___ in the mouth | carbohydrates |
| The chemical breakdown of foods starts with | mouth |
| Which statement regarding the stomach is true | stomach acid helps protect us form food-borne disease |
| The muscular contraction used to push food down the esophagus and mix chyme in the stomach is called | peristalsis |
| why does stomach acid not harm the lining of the stomach | the stomach is lined with a layer of thick protective mucus |
| Which organ secretes enzymes into the small intestines to assist in the breakdown of organic macromolecules | the pancreas |
| Why bypassing a portion of the small intestine can significantly increase weight loss | the small intestine is primary in nutrient absorption |
| epithelial cells lining the small intestine absorb nutrients, which are then | passed into the blood stream |
| which organ is responsible for producing bile salts essential for emulsifying fats in the small intestine | liver |
| Bile salts passed from the liver are stored in the | gallbladder |
| the villi that line the wall of the small intestines serve to | increase surface of absorption of chemicals |
| Without a gallbladder which situation may occur | inability to store bile salts |
| Why is fiber an important part of our diet | feeds the healthy gut biome |
| What happens to waste material that collects in the large intestine | compacted and eliminated from the body as stool |
| Where is ghrelin produced? | the cells lining the stomach |
| What hormone controls appetite in the long term | leptin |
| chyme exiting the stomach first enters into the | duodenum |
| The duodenum receives secretions from the ___ and ___. | pancreas and liver |
| What hormone reduces food intake by promoting satiety | PYY |
| What appetite-suppressing hormone is produced by fat tissue | leptin |
Created by:
Gilli