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Noah
Noah has 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, and 3.4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Thermal 3.1 START | Heat |
| Mantle | Thick, middle layer of Earth’s layer’s mad of hot semi solid rock that flows over a long period of time |
| Continental drift | Continents were once together but then slowly drifted away over time |
| Seismic waves | Vibrations that travel through Earth’s layers during an earthquake |
| Geosphere | Solid part of earth made of rock |
| Outer core | Layer of liquid iron and nickel below the mantle |
| Transform boundary | When two plates slide past eachother causing earthquakes |
| Unstable isotopes | An Atom with same protons but different number of neutrons that breaks down over time releasing radiation |
| Earthquakes | Sudden shaking of the ground caused by tectonic plates crashing and moving |
| Richter scale | Measures magnitude of an earthquake |
| Volcanism | Magma, gas, and ash move from inside the earth to the surface forming volcanos |
| Sea floor spreading | Oceanic crust forming at mid ocean ridges and slowly moving outwards |
| S waves | The second wave after P wave that is slow and can only pass through solids. rock is shaken side to side |
| P waves | The first wave before S wave that is fast and can pass through both solids, liquids, and gasses. Rock is squeezed and stretched. |
| Support for wegeners theory | Fossils, puzzle piece like continents, climate, glaciers, etc |
| Ridge | Under water mountain range formed by rising magma at mid ocean ridges where new oceanic crust is formed |
| Isotope | An atom that was same number of protons but different number of neutrons |
| Convection | Transfer of heat through the movement liquids where hotter material rises and cooler material sinks |
| Athenosphere | Upper layer of the mantle make up of a plastic like material |
| Pangea | When all continental were thought to be connected |
| Fossil | Very old rock of an animal or plant that has died |
| Density | Amount of mass in an object |
| Divergent boundary | When two plate tectonic boundaries pull away from each other letting magma to spew out and form new crust |
| Subduction | Where two plates meet and the more dense plate sinks below the other and the other goes above the other. |
| Mantle convection | Circular movement of Earth’s mantle caused by rising of hot rock and cooler rock sinking |
| Tsunami | Large ocean wave caused by earthquakes, volcanos, etc |
| Fault lines | Lines inbetween where two tectonic plates meet and move causing earth quakes and other events |
| Lava | When magma reaches earth surface it’s called lava |
| Ductile | Able to be bent into a wire |
| Magnitude | Strength of an earthquake/ measure of the energy a earthquake releases |
| Trench | A decompression in ocean floor formed at a subduction zone |
| Plume | Hot rising rock that can cause volcanic activity at surface |
| Half life | Time it takes for half of an atom in a radioactive substance to decay |
| Thermal convection | Transfer of heat in a liquid caused by convection |
| Tectonic plates | Large pieces of earth on the athenosphere/mantle that move causing earthquakes, volcanic activity, etc |
| Radioactivity | Continuous release of energy and particles from an unstable nucleus |
| Radioactive decay | An unstable nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation |
| Inner core | Hot ball Layer of earth made of hot solid iron and nickel |
| Convergent boundary | When two plates crash into eachother causing one to go beneath the other creating a subduction zone |
| Rock cycle | Process of rocks being formed, broken down, and transformed into different rocks through erosion, melting, etc |
| Mountain formation | Process of mountains forming through movement and collision of tectonic plates |
| Seismograph | Detects vibration and movements of ground caused by earthquakes |
| Epicenter | Point above the focus where an earthquakes shaking begins |
| Magma | Molten rock |
| Alfred Wegener | A man who proposed the theory of continental drift |
| Slab pull | Force that helps pull the tectonic plate downwards in an convection zone belong plate movement |
| Rift | Crack or split in earths crust where tectonic plates move apart |
| Water | A clear liquid (H₂O) essential for life on Earth. |
| Capillary action | Water moving upward through small spaces due to attraction. |
| Cohesion | Attraction between molecules of the same substance. |
| Adhesion | Attraction between molecules of different substances. |
| Property | A characteristic or trait of a substance |
| Polarity | Uneven distribution of electric charge in a molecule. |
| Transfer | Movement of matter or energy from one place to another |
| Energy | The ability to do work or cause change. |
| Atmosphere | The layer of gases surrounding Earth. |
| Hydrosphere | All the water on Earth (oceans, lakes, rivers, ice, vapor |
| Climate | Long-term weather patterns of a region. |
| Convection | Heat transfer through movement of fluids (liquids or gases) |
| freeze | To change from liquid to solid |
| Dissolve | When a substance mixes evenly into another substance. |
| Specific heat capacity | Amount of energy needed to raise a substance’s temperature. |
| Solid | State of matter with fixed shape and volume |
| Liquid | State of matter with fixed volume but changing shape. |
| Gas | State of matter with no fixed shape or volume. |
| Solute | Substance being dissolved. |
| Solvent: | Substance that dissolves the solute |
| Solution | A mixture of a solute dissolved in a solvent. |
| Surface tension | Force that makes the surface of water act like a skin. |
| Water cycle | Continuous movement of water through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation. |
| Kelvin scale: | Temperature scale based on absolute zero |
| Absolute scale: | A temperature scale that starts at absolute zero (Kelvin) |
| Universal solvent | A substance that dissolves many other substances (water) |
| Homogeneous solution | A mixture that is evenly mixed throughout |
| Heterogeneous solution: | A mixture with visibly different parts |
| Example of a heterogeneous solution: | Sand and water |
| Examples of homogeneous solutions | Salt water, sugar water |
| Example of cohesion | Water droplets sticking together |
| Example of adhesion | Water sticking to glass |
| Example of surface tension | A water strider walking on water |
| Example of capillary action 3.1 END END END END | Water moving up a paper towel |
| Water 3.2 START START START START | A liquid (H₂O) essential for life and Earth’s systems |
| Polarity | Uneven charge distribution in a molecule, giving it positive and negative ends |
| Surface tension | Force that makes water’s surface act like a stretched skin. |
| Capillary action | Movement of water through small spaces against gravity. |
| Cohesion | Attraction between molecules of the same substance. |
| Adhesion | Attraction between molecules of different substances. |
| Capacity | The ability to hold or store something. |
| Temperature | Measure of how hot or cold something is. |
| Agent | Something that causes change or action. |
| Climate | Long-term average weather of a region. |
| Heat | Thermal energy transferred due to temperature differences. |
| Convection | Heat transfer by movement of fluids (liquids or gases |
| Energy transfer | Movement of energy from one place or object to another. |
| Store | To keep energy for later use. |
| Absorb | To take in energy or matter. |
| Transmit | To pass energy or matter through something. |
| Energy | The ability to do work or cause change. |
| Deep ocean | Cold, dense water far below the ocean surface. |
| Surface water | The upper layer of the ocean warmed by the Sun. |
| Coriolis effect | Apparent bending of moving objects due to Earth’s rotation. |
| Specific heat | Amount of heat needed to change a substance’s temperature. |
| Density | Mass of a substance in a given volume |
| Salinity | Amount of dissolved salt in water. |
| Current | Continuous movement of water in one direction. |
| Thermohaline circulation | Deep ocean circulation driven by temperature and salinity differences. |
| Ocean current | Large-scale movement of ocean water. |
| Wind patterns | Typical directions and behaviors of winds in an area. |
| Specific heat capacity | Energy required to raise the temperature of 1 unit of a substance by 1 degree. |
| Latent heat | Energy absorbed or released during a change of state. |
| Evaporation | Change of liquid to gas at the surface. |
| Condensation | Change of gas to liquid. |
| Energy circulations | Movement of energy through Earth’s systems. |
| Thermocline | Ocean layer where temperature changes rapidly with depth. |
| Halocline | Ocean layer where salinity changes rapidly with depth. |
| Melting | Change from solid to liquid. |
| Freezing | Change from liquid to solid |
| Wave formation | Creation of waves, mainly caused by wind. |
| Heat transfer 3.2 END END END END | Movement of heat by conduction, convection, or radiation. |
| Greenhouse gases 3.3 START START START | Gases that trap heat in Earth’s atmosphere |
| Greenhouse effect | The process where trapped heat warms the Earth |
| Climate | Long-term patterns of temperature and weather |
| Human (activity) | Actions by people that affect the environment |
| Absorption of heat | When gases take in and hold heat energy |
| Atmospheric heating | Warming of Earth’s atmosphere |
| Water vapor (H₂O) | Water in gas form; a major greenhouse gas |
| Carbon dioxide (CO₂) | A heat-trapping gas from natural and human sources |
| Methane (CH₄) | A powerful greenhouse gas from livestock and fossil fuels |
| Nitrous oxide (N₂O) | A greenhouse gas from fertilizers and soils |
| Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) | Man-made gases used in older refrigerants |
| Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) | Man-made greenhouse gases used in refrigerants |
| Ozone (O₃) SCROLL PAST 3.4 FOR REST OF 3.3 WORDS | A gas that traps heat in the lower atmosphere |
| Heat Absorption 3.4 START START START | The process of taking in heat energy. |
| Heat Retention | The ability of a material or surface to hold onto heat over time. |
| Solar Radiation | Energy emitted by the sun in the form of light and heat. |
| Thermal Energy | Energy that comes from heat; the total energy of moving particles in matter. |
| Climate Impact | Long-term effects on Earth’s climate system caused by natural or human factors. |
| Weather Patterns | Repeated or predictable weather conditions in a region over time. |
| Land Cover | The physical material on Earth’s surface (such as forests, water, ice, cities, or grass). |
| Oxygen (O₂) | A gas in Earth’s atmosphere that living organisms breathe and need for survival. |
| Nitrogen (N₂) | The most abundant gas in Earth’s atmosphere (about 78%); mostly inactive but essential for life. |
| Greenhouse Gases | Gases in the atmosphere that trap heat and warm the Earth (like CO₂ and methane). |
| Albedo Effect | The measure of how much sunlight a surface reflects. Light surfaces have high albedo; dark surfaces have low albedo. |
| Land vs Water | Refers to how land heats and cools faster than water, affecting climate and weather. |
| Urban Heat Island | A city area that is warmer than surrounding rural areas due to buildings, pavement, and human activity. |
| Surface | The outermost layer of Earth (land or water) where sunlight first hits. |
| Troposphere | The lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere where weather occurs. |
| Uneven Heating | When different parts of Earth receive different amounts of solar energy. |
| Atmosphere | The layer of gases surrounding Earth. |
| Energy In | Solar radiation coming into Earth’s atmosphere from the sun. |
| Energy Out | Heat energy radiating back into space from Earth. |
| Sun | The star at the center of our solar system that provides Earth with light and heat. |
| Earth | The planet we live on; the third planet from the sun. |
| Reflects | To bounce energy (like sunlight) off a surface. |
| Absorbs | To take in energy (like heat or light). |
| Circulation | The movement of air or water that transfers heat around Earth. |
| Ice Core | A cylindrical sample of ice drilled from glaciers or ice sheets that contains trapped air from the past. |
| Geologic Sample | A piece of rock, sediment, or earth material used to study Earth’s history. |
| Water Vapor (H₂O) | A gas form of water; the most abundant greenhouse gas. |
| Carbon Dioxide (CO₂) | A greenhouse gas released by burning fossil fuels and respiration. |
| Methane (CH₄) | A powerful greenhouse gas produced by livestock, landfills, and natural gas production. |
| Nitrous Oxide (N₂O) | A greenhouse gas released from fertilizers, burning fuels, and industrial processes. |
| Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) | Human-made gases once used in refrigeration; they damage ozone and act as greenhouse gases. |
| Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) | Human-made greenhouse gases used in cooling systems; they do not harm ozone but trap heat. |
| Ozone (O₃) 3.4 END END END | A gas made of three oxygen atoms; in the upper atmosphere it protects Earth from harmful UV rays, but near the surface it is a pollutant. |
| CONTINUATION OF 3.3 Burning fossil fuels | The process of burning coal, oil, or natural gas to produce energy. This releases carbon dioxide (CO₂) and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. |
| Refrigerant | A chemical substance used in cooling systems (like air conditioners and refrigerators) that absorbs and releases heat. Some refrigerants can act as powerful greenhouse gases if released into the air. |
| Respiration | The process by which living organisms (including humans, animals, and plants) break down food to release energy, producing carbon dioxide as a byproduct. |
| Natural forest fires | Fires that occur in forests without human cause, often started by lightning. They release carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere. |
| Emissions | Gases or particles released into the air from natural sources or human activities (such as cars, factories, or wildfires). |
| Temperature | A measure of how hot or cold something is, usually measured in degrees (Celsius or Fahrenheit). |
| Precipitation | Any form of water that falls from clouds to the Earth’s surface, including rain, snow, sleet, or hail. |
| Agriculture practices | The methods and techniques used in farming, such as planting, harvesting, using fertilizers, and raising livestock. |
| Volcanic eruptions 3.3 END END END | Explosions or releases of lava, ash, and gases from a volcano. These can release carbon dioxide and other gases into the atmosphere. Explosions or releases of lava, ash, and gases from a volcano. These can release carbon dioxide and other gases into th |
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