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Physics
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What principle forms the foundation of Einstein’s Special Relativity? | The laws of physics are the same in all inertial frames, and the speed of light in a vacuum is constant for all observers. |
| What is an inertial reference frame? | A frame of reference that moves at constant velocity (not accelerating). |
| Why did classical (Newtonian) mechanics fail at high speeds? | It assumes time and space are absolute, which breaks down when objects approach the speed of light. |
| What does Special Relativity say about time? | Time is relative and can dilate depending on relative motion. |
| What is time dilation? | Moving clocks run slower: t= γt0 |
| What is length contraction? | Moving objects shorten in the direction of motion: L=γ/L0 |
| What is the Lorentz factor? | γ=1/√1-v^2c^2 |
| What do Lorentz transformations relate? | Space and time measurements between moving reference frames. |
| What replaces Galilean transformations at high velocity? | Lorentz transformations, which account for time dilation and length contraction. |
| What quantity is invariant under Lorentz transformations? | The spacetime interval |
| What is relativistic momentum? | 𝑝=𝛾𝑚𝑣 |
| What is total relativistic energy? | E=γmc2 |
| What is rest energy? | 𝐸0=𝑚𝑐^2 |
| What is the key energy–momentum relationship? | E2=(pc)^2+(mc^2)^2 |
| What are fundamental particles? | Particles that cannot be broken into smaller components (eg. quarks, leptons, bosons). |
| What are the four fundamental forces? | Gravity, electromagnetism, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force. |
| What tool collides particles at high speeds to study their structure? | Particle accelerators. |
| What are the three families of matter particles? | Quarks, leptons, and gauge bosons. |
| What are the six quarks? | Up, down, charm, strange, top, bottom. |
| What are the six leptons? | Electron, muon, tau, and their neutrinos. |
| What particle gives mass to others? | The Higgs boson. |
| What does conservation of charge state? | Total electric charge in an interaction is constant. |
| What is baryon number? | Baryons (e.g., protons, neutrons) have B = +1; antibaryons have B = –1; others have B = 0. |
| What is lepton number? | Leptons have L = +1; antileptons have L = −1. |
| What force changes quark flavour? | The weak force. |
| What is symmetry in physics? | A transformation that leaves physical laws unchanged. |
| What was the universe like moments after the Big Bang? | Extremely hot, dense plasma of quarks, leptons, and radiation. |
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