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Stack #4571238

QuestionAnswer
What is the cell cycle? The life cycle of a cell during which it grows, prepares to divide, and divides to form two daughter cells.
What are the main phases of the cell cycle? Interphase (cell growth and DNA replication) and M Phase (cell division).
What is interphase? The phase between cell divisions where the cell grows, replicates DNA, and prepares for division. It’s the longest phase.
What happens during G1 phase? Most of the cell growth occurs, proteins are synthesized, and organelles increase in number. (Checkpoint 1)
What happens during S phase? DNA is replicated.
What happens during G2 phase? Shortest phase of the interphase the cell grows more, makes proteins and organelles needed for division, and checks for errors. (Checkpoint 2)
What is the state of DNA and centrioles during interphase? DNA is chromatin (not visible), and centrioles are together near the nucleus.
When does DNA replication occur? During S phase, just before cell division.
What is the semiconservative model of DNA replication? Each new DNA molecule contains one old strand and one new strand.
How does DNA replication start? DNA helicase “unzips” the double helix at the replication fork, creating two template strands.
How are new DNA strands built? Free nucleotides attach to exposed bases. DNA polymerase forms sugar-phosphate bonds. Leading strand builds forward. Lagging strand builds in Okazaki fragments.
How is DNA replication proofread? Around 20 enzymes repair errors; DNA polymerase performs the main proofreading. Replication occurs at many origins simultaneously.
What is the end result of DNA replication? Two identical DNA molecules, each with one old and one new strand.
What is the main purpose of S phase? DNA is replicated to prepare for cell division.
What ensures the DNA is copied accurately? DNA polymerase proofreads, and other enzymes help repair errors.
How are the two strands of DNA built differently? Leading strand is built continuously; lagging strand is built in Okazaki fragments.
What happens at multiple origins of replication? Replication occurs simultaneously in both directions until the entire DNA molecule is copied.
What is the result of replication according to the semiconservative model? Two identical DNA molecules, each with one old and one new strand.
What happens during Prophase? First and longest phase of mitosis Chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes. Centrioles separate and move to opposite poles. Spindle fibers begin forming. Nucleolus disappears. Nuclear envelope breaks down.
What happens during Metaphase? Shortest phase and second phase of mitosis Chromosomes line up at the equator. Spindle fibers attach to centromeres. M Checkpoint: Ensures all chromosomes are properly attached to spindle fibers.
What happens during Anaphase? Third phase of mitosis Sister chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell.
What happens during Telophase? Last phase of mitosis Nuclear envelope reforms around chromosomes. Spindle fibers break down. Nucleolus reappears. Chromosomes loosen into chromatin. Cell membrane begins to pinch in the middle.
What is cytokinesis? Division of the cytoplasm and organelles, occurring at the same time as telophase.
How does cytokinesis differ in animal and plant cells? Animal cells: Membrane pinches inward forming a cleavage furrow. Plant cells: A cell plate forms in the middle and becomes the new cell wall.
What is the end result of cytokinesis? Two identical daughter cells.
Semiconservative each copy of DNA contains one old strand (conserved from original DNA) and one new strand
Replication occurs when the cell is preparing to divide and needs to make an exact copy of its DNA
Created by: user-1879135
 

 



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