What is gluconeogenesis

creating new sugar from pyruvate (reverse kinda not really glycolysis)

Why isn't glycolysis exactly reversible?

Because steps 1,3, and 10 have large negative delta G values. Must use some detours

Detour for reactions 1 and 3

glucose-6-phosphatase removes a phosphate group but doesn't transfer it onto another molecule. Therefore, ATP isn't a product, just the inorganic phosphate which is energetically easier

Detour for reaction 10

2 enzymes used (pyruvate and PEP carboxylase). Oxaloacetate is in gluconeogenesis, but NOT glycolysis.

How many different enzymes are used in gluconeo vs. glycolysis?

4 in gluconeogenesis, 3 in glycolysis

What must happen to the enzymes used in glycolysis to allow for gluconeogenesis?

Must turn off the enzymes used in glycolysis

Which organ does gluconeogenesis happen most in, and why?

The liver because most of our glycogen is in our liver, stored.

Why do we need O2 for glycolysis even though none of the reactions actually require it?

Because it's the final electron acceptor in the ETC (where electrons are drained of energy). We need O2 to make most of our ATP. NAD+ is needed for step 6

What happens when there is no O2 in the system?

we cannot do the ETC because NADH is produced but NOT converted to NAD+.

What happens when there is O2 in the system?

We can take the NADH and release the electrons into the ETC, regenerating NAD+

What does fermentation do in anaerobic conditions?

It converts NADH into NAD+ so glycolysis can continue

convert pyruvate into ethanol and CO2, for the purpose of converting NADH into NAD+ (only for yeast cells)

What are the two steps to convert pyruvate into ethanol?

3 carbon pyruvate converted to 2 carbon acetaldehyde. Then alcohol dehydrogenase generates NAD+. 2 carbon ethanol product.

using more O2 than you can transport to your muscles. Converting pyruvate to lactate, also converts NADH to NAD+, allows for glycolysis to continue.

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Gluconeo/Ferment.

Question	Answer
What is gluconeogenesis	creating new sugar from pyruvate (reverse kinda not really glycolysis)
Why isn't glycolysis exactly reversible?	Because steps 1,3, and 10 have large negative delta G values. Must use some detours
Detour for reactions 1 and 3	glucose-6-phosphatase removes a phosphate group but doesn't transfer it onto another molecule. Therefore, ATP isn't a product, just the inorganic phosphate which is energetically easier
Detour for reaction 10	2 enzymes used (pyruvate and PEP carboxylase). Oxaloacetate is in gluconeogenesis, but NOT glycolysis.
How many different enzymes are used in gluconeo vs. glycolysis?	4 in gluconeogenesis, 3 in glycolysis
What must happen to the enzymes used in glycolysis to allow for gluconeogenesis?	Must turn off the enzymes used in glycolysis
Which organ does gluconeogenesis happen most in, and why?	The liver because most of our glycogen is in our liver, stored.
What is the solution when there's not enough oxygen for glycolysis?	Fermentation
Why do we need O2 for glycolysis even though none of the reactions actually require it?	Because it's the final electron acceptor in the ETC (where electrons are drained of energy). We need O2 to make most of our ATP. NAD+ is needed for step 6
What happens when there is no O2 in the system?	we cannot do the ETC because NADH is produced but NOT converted to NAD+.
What happens when there is O2 in the system?	We can take the NADH and release the electrons into the ETC, regenerating NAD+
What does fermentation do in anaerobic conditions?	It converts NADH into NAD+ so glycolysis can continue
Ethanol Fermentation	convert pyruvate into ethanol and CO2, for the purpose of converting NADH into NAD+ (only for yeast cells)
What are the two steps to convert pyruvate into ethanol?	3 carbon pyruvate converted to 2 carbon acetaldehyde. Then alcohol dehydrogenase generates NAD+. 2 carbon ethanol product.
Lactate Fermentation	using more O2 than you can transport to your muscles. Converting pyruvate to lactate, also converts NADH to NAD+, allows for glycolysis to continue.
What enzyme is used in lactate fermentation?	L

Created by: madalynes

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