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AP study
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Culture | Shared practices, technologies, behaviors, and attitudes shared by a society and passed down over time |
| Material vs non-material | M- physical objects made and used by a cultural group NM- beliefs, values, attitudes, myths, symbolic meaning of a cultural group. |
| Cultural Traits | a single attribute or characteristic of a culture, such as language, religion, customs, food; activities that most members do Help distinguish cultures from another and define a group’s way of life ex- languages, food, dress, rituals, social etiquette |
| Traditional culture | Composed of long established behaviors, beliefs, and practices passed down from generation to generation ex: language, food, ceremony, custom |
| Cultural norm | shared standards and patterns that guide the behavior of a group; help maintain social order ex- greetings like handshake, bowing, cheek kisses |
| Popular culture | Widespread behaviors, beliefs, & practices of ordinary people in society tends to change quickly by new ideas affected by modern tech and globalization |
| Cultural landscape | the human imprint on the landscape; offers clues about cultural practices and priorities, both past and present |
| sense of place | the emotional and subjective attachment people have to specific locations, shaped by their experiences, memories, and cultural backgrounds |
| Diffusion | the process by which a cultural trait spreads from one place to another over time ex- colonialism imperialism trade migration |
| cultural hearth | where a trait often originates |
| colonialism | when a powerful country establishes settlements in a less powerful country for economic or political gain European powers spread languages, religion, and technologies to colonized regions |
| imperialism | when a country enacts policies to extend its influence over other countries through diplomacy or force ex- Roman empire spreading Latin and law codes |
| trade | Major trade routes facilitated the spread of goods, ideas, religions, and technologies ex- silk road and Colombian exchange |
| cultural diffusion | spread of cultural elements through the physical movement of people ex- migration |
| expansion diffusion | Cultural traits spread outward from the source without the physical movement of people. ex- Scandinavians brought Lutheran faith to midwest ethnic enclave bring food and languages |
| hierarchical diffusion | spread of culture outward from places/ persons of authority fashion originating in major cities (NY, Paris) Christianity spreading during the age of imperialism |
| contagious diffusion | Rapid, widespread diffusion of a trait through direct contact -social media music |
| stimulus diffusion | when an underlying idea behind a cultural trait stimulates a new innovation ex-intro to fast food that is then modified to fit into regions culture |
| Cultural convergence | When cultures become more similar based on something shared… |
| globalization | occurs where global forces are adapted to fit local cultural practices |
| what countries is each ethnic religion tied to | Hinduism- India Judaism- Israel Shintoism- Japan Daoism- China |
| Toponym | : place name; helps define what is unique about a place NYC The Carolina s Coconut Creek |
| Pilgrimage | a journey to a holy place for spiritual reasons |
| Hajj | pilgrimage to Mecca, Saudi Arabia, to the Kaaba, the holiest Islamic shrine Muslims must go at least once in their lifetime Hajj has led to stampedes, hundreds of deaths by crushing or dehydration |
| 3 branches of Christianity | catholicism eastern orthodox Protestantism |
| Martin Luther | a German monk who wrote the 95 these which the Catholic church and its sale of indulgences excommunicated and formed his own church (lutheran church) |
| how did Christianity spread Europe to the US | colonization migration |
| Why are baptists concentrated in the south | separated from 9 church of England Migrated to colonies for religious freedom in 1600s |
| second great awakening | meetings and revivals held during early 1800s that led to thousands converting to Christianity |
| why are catholics in the southwest and northeast | Immigrants chose big city locations Italian and Irish immigration to the northeast Hispanic immigration to southwest and Florida |
| Joseph Smith | Prophet who founded Mormonism Saw visions of Jesus Christ and received messages or revelations from him. |
| cultural convergence | as cultures interact with one another, they become more similar |
| cultural divergence | conflicting beliefs or other barriers can cause two cultures to become less similar |
| ethnocentrism | the tendency of ethnic groups to evaluate other groups according to preconceived ideas originating from their own culture |
| cultural relativism | the evaluation of a culture solely by its unique standards |
| examples of cultural differences | in south Wales, people dress up like a horse skull and walks around the village with a group around Christmastime in ireland, mummers dress in straw outfits while going house to house, rhyming, singing, dancing |
| traditional culture | composed of long-established behaviors, beliefs, and practices passed down from generation to generation |
| centripetal force | a force that unites a people |
| centrifugal force | a force that divides groups of people |
| acculturation | when people within one culture adopt some of the traits of another while still retaining their own distinct culture ex- participating in new hobbies acquiring new cultural knowledge |
| assimilation | |
| Syncretism | Blending different cultural elements to form a new cultural expression. ex; Haitian Creole is fusion of French and west African languages |
| multiculturalism | diverse cultures coexisting within a shared space |
| language branch | Collection of languages within a family that share a common origin and were separated from other branches thousands of years ago |
| language group | collection of languages that share a common ancestor in the recent past and have vocabularies that overlap |
| isolate | language with no known historic or linguistic relationship with any other known language |
| endangered language | languages of small groups of people (often indigenous peoples) that are in danger of disappearing |
| extinct language | a language that is no longer spoken |
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