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FINAL EXAM REVIEW
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the first level of Organization | Chemical- includes atoms and molecules |
| What is the second level of organization | Organelle-“tiny organs” that allow each cell to live |
| Mitochondria | The power house of the cell- provide energy needed by the cell to carry on day-to-day function-ing, growth, and repair |
| Golgi-apparatus | “packaging” service to the cell by storing material for future internal use or for export from the cell |
| Endoplasmic reticulum | network of channels within the cell that act as “highways” for the movement of chemicals and as sites for chemical processing |
| What is the third level of organization | Cellular |
| What is the fourth level of organization | Tissue are the fabric of the body |
| What are the four major principle tissue types | epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous. |
| What is the fifth level of organization | Organ |
| What is the sixth level of organization | system- most complex organization of the body |
| Ipsilateral | same side |
| contralateral | opposite side |
| supine | body is lying face up |
| prone | body is lying face down |
| superior | towards the head-"upper" or "above" |
| inferior | "lower" or "below" |
| Anterior/Ventral | "front" or "in front of" |
| posterior/Dorsal | "back" or "in back of" |
| Medial | Towards the midline of the body |
| Lateral | towards the side of the body |
| proximal | towards or near the trunk of the body |
| distal | away or farthest from the body |
| superficial | near the surface |
| deep | farther away from the body surface |
| The frontal plane is the same as ________ plane | Coronal |
| The abdominopelvic cavity is subdivided into the _____ cavities. thoracic and pelvic | abdominal and pelvic |
| As an anatomical region, lumbar refers to | the infero-medial aspect of the back. |
| The body as a whole can be subdivided into two major divisions. They are | axial and appendicular. |
| sagittal plane | Any lengthwise plane running from front to back and top to bottom, dividing the body or any of its parts into right and left sides, |
| coronal plane | Any lengthwise plane running from side to side and top to bottom, dividing the body or any of its parts into anterior and posterior por-tions |
| transvers plane | to cut in half |
| how many abdominal pelvic regions are there | 9 |
| how many abdominal pelvic quadrants | 4- Right and Left Upper Quadrant, Right and Left Lower Quadrant |
| Right hypochondriac region | right lobe of the liver and the gallbladder are visible |
| upper abdominal pelvic regions | 1. Right hypochondriac region 2. Epigastric region 3. Left hypochondriac region |
| Middle abdominal pelvic regions | 4. Right lumbar (flank) region 5. Umbilical region 6. Left lumbar (flank) region |
| lower abdominal pelvic regions | 7. Right iliac (inguinal) region 8. Hypogastric (pubic) region 9. Left iliac (inguinal) region |
| dorsal cavity | cranial-houses the brain, and spinal cavity-location of the spinal cord |
| thoracic cavity | has a midportion called the mediastinum, which contains the heart and other structures surrounded by fibrous tissue. |
| cranial cavity | houses the skull |
| mediastinum cavity | houses the heart, the trachea, right and left bronchi, the esophagus, the thymus, various blood vessels |
| The chest is ________ to the abdomen. | suoerior |
| abdominal cavity | contains the liver, gallbladder, stomach, pancreas, intestines, spleen, kidneys, and ureters. |
| Anatomy is defined as the study of the _____ of a living organism. function | structure |
| The sternal region is ________ to the scapular region. | anterior |
| A coronal section through the human body can | pass through both ears. |
| When many similar cells specialize to perform a certain function, it is referred to as a(n): | tissue |
| A surgeon removing a gallbladder should know to find it in the _____ region. | right hypochondriac |
| Molecules are: | atoms combined to form larger chemical aggregates. |
| The lungs are located in the: | thoracic cavity. |
| From smallest to largest, the levels of organization of the body are: | chemical, organelle, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism. |
| Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum are examples of: | organelles. |
| A frontal section divides the body into _____ portions. | front and back |
| A sagittal section divides the body into _____ portions. | right and left |
| Two major cavities of the human body are: | ventral/dorsal |
| Several kinds of tissues working together are termed a(n): | organ |
| two or more elements are joined to form chemical combinations called | compound |
| what 4 major elements make up about 96% of the material in the human body | carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen |
| What is the atomic mass | number of protons and neutrons |
| electrons | equal the number of positively charged protons |
| The largest naturally occurring atom | uranium |
| chemical bonds | ionic or covalent bonds |
| ionic (electrovalent) bonds | A chemical bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another |
| exchange reactions | permits two different reactants to exchange components and, as a result, form two new products. |
| plasma membrane | Serves as the boundary of the cell, maintains its integrity |
| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | Ribosomes attached to rough ER synthesize polypeptides that enter rough ER for folding and finishing, |
| Golgi apparatus | Synthesizes carbohydrate, combines it with protein, and packages the product as globules of glycoprotein |
| Vesicles | Temporarily contain molecules for transport or later use |
| Lysosomes | Digestive enzymes break down defective cell parts (autophagy) and ingested particles; a cell’s “digestive system” |
| Peroxisomes | Enzymes detoxify harmful substances in the cell |
| Mitochondria | Catabolism; adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis; a cell’s “power plants |
| Nucleus | Houses the genetic code, which in turn dictates protein synthesis, thereby playing an essential role in other cell activities, namely, cell transport, metabolism, and growth |
| Ribosomes | Site of protein synthesis; a cell’s “protein factories” |
| Proteasomes | Destroys misfolded or otherwise abnormal proteins manufactured by the cell; a “quality control” mechanism for protein synthesis |
| Cytoskeleton | Supporting framework of the cell and its organelles; functions in cell movement (using molecular motors); forms cell extensions (microvilli, cilia, flagella |
| Centrosome | Acts as the microtubule-organizing center (MTOC) of the cell; centrioles assist in forming and organizing microtubules |
| Microvilli | Tiny, fingerlike extensions that increase a cell’s absorptive surface area, are found in epithelial cells that line the intestines and other areas where absorption is important |
| Nucleolus | Site of formation of ribosome subunit |
| cilia | move in a rhythmic, coordinated way to push substances such as mucus along the cell surface, found in the respiratory tract, female reproductive tract, |
| A chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between the outer shells of two atoms is called a(n) _____ bond. | covalent |
| The water molecule has two distinct ends, each with a partial electrical charge. Because of this structure, water is said to be | polar |
| An atom can be described as chemically inert if its outermost electron shell contains _____ electrons. | 8 |
| An element that contains the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons is called a(n) | isotope |
| Which type of chemical reaction results in the breakdown of a complex substance into two or more simpler substances? | Decomposition reactions |
| A force holding two atoms together is a(n) | chemical bond |
| Which subatomic particles carry a charge? | Protons and electrons |
| The most abundant element essential to life is | carbon |
| The atomic number tells you the | number of protons in the nucleus. |
| A substance that cannot be broken down or decomposed into two or more different substances is called a(n) | element |
| The type of reaction in which substances are combined to form more complex substances is called a(n) _____ reaction. | synthesis |
| Atomic mass is determined by the number of: | protons and neutrons. |
| This organelle is numerous in liver and kidney cells. | peroxisome |
| Which of the following cytoskeleton elements are the largest in diameter? | microtubules |
| Which area of the cytoplasm near the nucleus coordinates the building and breaking of microtubules in the cell? | centrosome |
| This organelle primarily modifies products from the rough ER, and it resembles a stack of hollow saucers, one cupped inside the next. | Golgi apparatus |
| The plasma membrane is composed of all of the following | phospholipids. cholesterol and glycoproteins |
| Ribosomes may be either free within the cytoplasm or bound to a membrane system known as the | rough er |
| A spherical membrane-bound structure that contains the genetic material of the cell and is often referred to as the “command center” of the cell is the | nucleus |
| The outer boundary of a human cell is called the | plasma membrane |
| This membranous organelle is the site of protein synthesis for proteins that are secreted by the cell. | rough ER |
| the only organelle that has a double membrane structure is the | mitochondria |
| This organelle is characterized by folded membranes called cristae. | mitochondria |
| The inside of the cell is composed largely of a gel-like substance called | cytoplasm |
| A major function of the cell membrane is to | controls what enters and leaves the cell |
| Cisternae of this organelle are continuous with the nuclear envelope. | rough ER |
| Ribosomes are organelles that | float in the cytoplasm and attach to the endoplasmic reticulum. |
| Which of the following is a type of cell extension that lines the intestines and other areas of the body? | microvilli |
| DNA is a major constituent of which cell organelle? | nucleus |
| Which cell fiber serves as part of our “cellular muscles?” | Microfilament |
| The cell extension that contains microfilaments is called: | microvilli. |
| The cell extension that assists epithelial cells in absorption is called: | microvilli. |
| Which organelle processes and packages material to be secreted? | Golgi apparatus |
| The structure that separates the contents of a cell from the surrounding tissue is known as: | plasma membrane. |
| Which of the following recognize and destroy nonself cells? | Immune cells |
| Which of the following organelles is considered a nonmembranous organelle? | Ribosome |
| The nucleus is the only structure in the cell that contains DNA. | false |
| Cells in a tissue are surrounded by or embedded in a complex extracellular material called a | matrix |
| Which principal type of tissue covers and protects body surfaces and lines body cavities? | epithelial |
| The skin glands include three kinds of microscopic glands. They are the __________ glands. | sweat, sebaceous, and ceruminous |
| Which type of tissue has cube-shaped cells and can be found lining the kidney tubules? | simple cuboidal epithelium |
| The fluid environment that fills the spaces between the cells of the body is called | extracellular matrix. |
| Adipose tissue is | a storage tissue. |
| The mixed secretions of sebaceous and ceruminous glands form a brown waxy substance called the | cerumen. |
| The most abundant and widespread tissue in the body is | connective tissue |
| Besides water, extracellular matrix contains | proteins and proteoglycans. |
| The connective tissue membranes that line the spaces between bones and joints are called _____ membranes. | synovial |
| Which of the following tissues lack a direct blood supply and consequently heals very slowly? | cartilage |
| The two main layers that compose the skin are the dermis and | epidermis |
| A lubricating substance produced by goblet cells is called | mucus |
| Which of the following is the most superficial layer of the epidermis? | stratum corneum |
| The union of basal and fibroreticular laminae forms the | basement membrane. |
| The strongest and most durable type of cartilage is | fibrocartilage |
| Which of the following contains intercalated disks? | cardiac muscle |
| The External Ear is composed of | elastic cartilage |
| Which of the following is not a primary germ layer? | epiderm |
| The conducting unit of the nerve tissue is the | neuron |
| The epidermis is composed of several types of epithelial cells. One type, called keratinocytes, become filled with a tough, fibrous protein called | keratin |
| The dermis is composed of two layers, a thin papillary layer and a thick _____ layer. | reticular |
| Which of the following is not a type of connective tissue? | cardiac |
| The two major categories of body membranes are | epithelial and connective |
| Stratified squamous (keratinized) epithelial cells are found in the | epidermis |
| Which of the following contains osteocytes? | bone |
| Connective tissue | functions to support the body and its parts, connect and hold them together, transport substances through the body, and protect it from foreign invaders. |
| Muscle tissue | produces movement; it moves the body and its parts. |
| Nervous tissue | may be the most complex tissue in the body. It specializes in communication among the various parts of the body and in integration of their activities. |
| Epithelial Tissue | One or more layers of densely arranged cells with very little extracellular matrix |
| Epithelial Tissue -function | Covers and protects the body surface Lines body cavities Transport of substances (absorption, secretion, excretion) Outer layer of skin Lining of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive tracts Glands of the body |
| Connective Tissue | Sparsely arranged cells surrounded by a large proportion of extracellular matrix often containing structural fibers |
| connective tissue- location | bones, joint cartilage, tendons and ligaments, blood, fat |
| muscle tissue | long fiber like cells sometimes branched, |
| simple epithelial tissue | one layer |
| stratified epithelial | multiple layers |
| Pseudostratified columnar epithelium | one layer of oddly shaped columnar cells |
| Hyaline cartilage | This is the most prevalent type of cartilage and is found in the support rings of the respiratory tubes and covering the ends of bones that articulate at joints |
| Fibrocartilage | Fibrocartilage disks serve as shock ab-sorbers between adjacent vertebrae (intervertebral disks) and in the knee joint. |
| Elastic cartilage | contains few collagen fibers but large numbers of very fine elastic fibers that give the matrix material a high degree of flexibility |
| Skeletal muscle tissue | makes up most of the muscles attached to bones. is striated voluntary muscle. |
| Smooth muscle tissue, | is found in the walls of the viscera (hollow internal organs, e.g., the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels; nonstriated involuntary. Smooth muscle has no cross striations and cannot ordinarily be controlled by the will |
| Cardiac muscle tissue | Cardiac muscle tissue striated involuntary muscle. |
| Epidermis | the superficial, thinner layer |
| Dermis | the deep, thicker layer |
| hypodermis, | Beneath the dermis which is rich in fat and loose fibrous connective tissue. |
| Cell Layers | Stratum Basale stratum spinosum Stratum Granulosum Stratum Lucidum Stratum Corneum |
| Ceruminous glands | |
| The mixed secretions of sebaceous and ceruminous glands form a brown waxy substance | cerumen |
| sebum | The oil that keeps the hair supple and the skin soft and pliant |
| Two types of sweat glands | Eccrine glands -most numerous, located all over the body Apocrine glands -located deep in subcutaneous layer |
| Which two bones compose the shoulder girdle? | clavicle and scapula |
| The two bones that form the framework for the forearm are the | radius and ulna. |
| Anatomically speaking, which bones compose the wrist? | carpals |
| The very small bone that lies just posterior and lateral to each nasal bone is the | lacrimal. |
| What structures firmly hold the foot bones firmly in their arched position? | ligaments and tendons |
| Which of these pelvic bones is the most anteriorly placed? | pubis |
| Spongy bone is characterized by | open spaces partially filled by an assemblage of needle-like structures. |
| The extracellular components of bone matrix are | hard and calcified. |
| Compact bone contains many cylinder-shaped structural units called | osteons. |
| The joint between the pubic portions of each coxal bone is the | pubic symphysis. |
| Osteoblasts | small cells that synthesize and secrete an organic matrix called osteoid. |
| Axial skeleton | the 80 bones of the head, neck, and torso; composed of 74 bones that form the upright axis of the body and six tiny middle ear bones |
| Appendicular skeleton | —the 126 bones that form the appendages to the axial skeleton; the upper and lower extremities |
| Flexion | It bends or folds one part on another. |
| Extension | It returns a part from its flexed position to its anatomical position. Extensions are straight-ening or stretching movements. |
| Abduction | moves a part away from the median plane of the body |
| Adduction | moves a part toward the median plane. Examples include bringing the arm back to the side |
| The innermost muscle of the abdominal wall is the | transverse abdominis. |
| The term _____ is used to describe a muscle that directly performs a specific movement. | agonist |
| The point of attachment that does not move when the muscle contracts is the | origin. |
| This arrangement of muscle fascicles tends to be triangular in shape. The Pectoralis major is an example of a muscle with this type of muscle fascicle arrangement. | convergent |
| Muscles with this type of muscle fascicle arrangement are either fusiform or straplike in appearance. | |
| Axial skeleton | the 80 bones of the head, neck, and torso; composed of 74 bones that form the upright axis of the body and six tiny middle ear bones |
| Appendicular skeleton | —the 126 bones that form the appendages to the axial skeleton; the upper and lower extremities |
| Flexion | It bends or folds one part on another. |
| Extension | It returns a part from its flexed position to its anatomical position. Extensions are straight-ening or stretching movements. |
| Abduction | moves a part away from the median plane of the body |
| Adduction | moves a part toward the median plane. Examples include bringing the arm back to the side |
| The innermost muscle of the abdominal wall is the | transverse abdominis. |
| The term _____ is used to describe a muscle that directly performs a specific movement. | agonist |
| The point of attachment that does not move when the muscle contracts is the | origin. |
| This arrangement of muscle fascicles tends to be triangular in shape. The Pectoralis major is an example of a muscle with this type of muscle fascicle arrangement. | convergent |
| Muscles with this type of muscle fascicle arrangement are either fusiform or straplike in appearance. | parallel |
| A muscle with fascicles that insert into only one side of the tendon is categorized as | unipennate. |
| The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle and is outside the epimysium and tendon is called the | fascia. |
| The Sartorius muscle, a thin straplike muscle would have muscle fascicles arranged in | parallel |
| The long axes of the fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle is a description of this type of fascicle arrangement. | parallel |
| A muscle with fascicles that insert into the tendon from both sidesis categorized as | bipennate. |
| The muscle that helps hold the scapula against the thorax and is useful in pushing or punching movements is the | serratus anterior. |
| Muscles located on the lower leg move the: | foot |
| The muscle that allows the thumb to be drawn across the palm to touch the tip of any finger is the: | opponens pollicis. |
| The origin of the muscle is attached to the bone that | does not move |
| The insertion of the muscle is attached to the | bone that moves |
| When the muscle contracts, the insertion moves | toward the origin |
| The muscle that raises or lowers the shoulders or shrugs them is the: | trapezius |
| A muscle is attached to the femur and tibia. Its function or action is to bend the knee. When it contracts, it is acting as the: | prime mover |
| The origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia. When it contracts, it bends the knee. Which of the following is true? | The knee is acting as a fulcrum. |
| The origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia. When it contracts, it bends the knee. Its fibers run parallel to the body. Which of the following terms might be part of its name? | flexor |
| The sternocleidomastoid muscle is an example of a muscle named for its: | points of attachment |
| The muscle that flexes the semipronated or semisupinated forearm is the: | brachioradialis. |
| Muscles that move the upper arm originate on the: | clavicle and scapula. |
| The muscle(s) assisting in rotating the arm outward is (are) the: | teres minor. |
| The most common type of lever in the body is a _____-class lever. | third |
| Convergent muscles | have fascicles that radiate out from a small to a wider point of attachment, much like the blades in a fan |
| Pennate muscles | are said to be “featherlike” in appearance. |
| Fusiform muscles | have fascicles that may be close to paral-lel in the center, or “belly,” of the muscle but converge to a tendon at one or both ends. |
| Spiral muscles, | have fibers that twist between their points of attachment |
| Circular muscles, | sometimes called orbicular muscles and sphincters, often circle body tubes or openings. The orbicu-laris oris around the mouth is an example. |
| prime mover | used to describe a muscle that directly performs a specific movement. The movement produced by a muscle acting as a prime mover is described as the “action” or “function” of that muscle. |
| Antagonists | are muscles that, when contracting, directly oppose prime movers (or agonists). |
| Fixator muscles | function as a joint stabilizer |
| first class lever | lies between the effort, or pull (P), and the resistance, or load (L) ex- scissors, moving head back and forth, seesaw |
| second class lever | lies between the fulcrum and the joint at which the pull is exerted. ex-wheelbarrow, standing on tipitoes |
| This tends to be the longest cytoplasmic projection from a neuron. | axon |
| This is the site of communication between neurons. | synapse |
| Which of these glia cells are located in the peripheral nervous system? | Schwann cells |
| Bundles of myelinated fibers make up the | white matter of the nervous system. |
| The _____ of a neuron is a single process that usually extends from a tapered portion of the cell body. | axon |
| The structural and functional center of the entire nervous system is the _____ nervous system. | central |
| A signal conduction route to and from the central nervous system is a(n) | reflux arc |
| Chemical signals diffuse between neurons at this location | synapse |
| central nervous system | the struc-tural and functional center of the entire nervous system. Consisting of the brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system | consists of the nerve tissues that lie in the periphery, or “outer regions,” of the nervous system. |
| The ________ of a presynaptic neuron associates with the dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron. | axon terminal |
| These regions of the neuron direct electrical currents toward the cell body. | dendrite |
| The glia cells that help form the blood-brain barrier are the | asrocytes |
| The somatic nervous system carries information to the | skeletal muscle |
| A neuron that transmits a nerve impulse toward the central nervous system is called a(n): | sensory neuron |
| Oligodendrocytes | elp hold nerve fibers together and also serve another and probably more important function—they produce the fatty myelin sheath around the long fibers formed by some neurons in the CNS |
| Multipolar neurons | only one axon but several dendrites. |
| Bipolar neurons | only one axon and also only one highly branched dendrite found in the retina of the eye, in the inner ear, and in the olfactory pathway. |
| Unipolar neurons,/pseudounipolar neurons, | have a single process extending from the cell body. |
| Along a neuron, the correct pathway for impulse conduction is: | dendrite, cell body, and axon. |
| Individual nerves that emerge from the _____ plexus innervate the lower part of the shoulder and the entire arm. | brachial |
| The cranial nerve that arises from the spinal cord is the: | accessory |
| Cerebrospinal fluid circulates through the ventricles, into the central canal, and _____, and is absorbed back into the blood. | subarachnoid space |
| The peripheral nervous system includes: | only cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and their branches. |
| The layer of the meninges that serves as the inner periosteum of the cranial bone is the: | dura mater |
| The spinal ganglion can be found on the _____ of the spinal nerve. | dorsal nerve root |
| Small branches from the cervical plexus join which two cranial nerve | Hypoglossal and accessory |
| Which of the following is not a plexus of the spinal nerves? | thoracic |
| The innermost layer of the meninges is the: | pia matter |
| A patient complains of numbness in the skin of the buttocks and the posterior surface of the thigh and leg. The spinal nerve or peripheral branch most likely involved with this condition is the _____ plexus. | coccygeal |
| The nerve commonly called the vagus nerve is the _____ cranial. | tenth |
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