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pathology 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| disease | deviation from an individual's normal state of physical, mental, social well being leading to loss of homeostasis |
| etiology (definition) | (science of) disease causes |
| pathogenisis | chain of events leading to manifested disease |
| symptomatology | (science of) manifestations of disease- signs, symptoms and other observable factors |
| etiology (describes) | Causative factors Predisposing factors/risk factors of a disease |
| idiopathic | relating to a disease of condition with NO known cause |
| iatrogenic | relating to illness caused by medical examination or treatment (ex. infection post surgery) |
| syndrome | combination of signs & symptoms that might NOT always have a definite cause |
| disease | entity characterized by specific/defining cause and pathological findings |
| epidemiology | the science of tracking the pattern of occurrence of disease |
| incidence | the number of NEW cases in a given population noted within a stated time period |
| prevalence | the number of existing cases within a specific population and time period |
| primary prevention | o protect healthy people from developing a disease or experiencing an injury in the first place. |
| secondary prevention | to halt or slow the progress of disease or limiting long-term disability and preventing re- injury. |
| tertiary prevention | to help people manage complicated, long-term health problems and to prevent further physical deterioration and maximizing quality of Life. MANAGING EXISTING DISEASE |
| apoptosis | programed cell death |
| necrosis | cell death due to irreversible damage |
| ischemia | (decreased supply of oxygenated blood to tissue or organ due to circulatory obstruction) |
| hypoxia | decreased oxygen in tissue |
| anaerobic metabolism results in... | decrease in pH from build of lactic acid and further metabolic impairment. A deficit of other essential nutri- ents such as vitamins may also damage cells because normal metabolic processes cannot take place. |
| Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) aids in.. | Reabsorption of water from the kidney tubules |
| aldosterone aids in.. | reabsorption of sodium and water |
| Atrial and B-type natriuretic peptide (ANP, BNP) aid in.. | regulation of fluid, sodium, and potassium levels |
| hydrostatic pressure | push force |
| osmotic pressure | pull force |
| arteriolar end | hydrostatic pressure is dominant- blood PUSHED out of capillary |
| venous end | hydrostatic pressure decreases- reabsorption of fluid into capillary (PULL force) |
| edema def. and causes | fluid excess in interstitial compartment - increased capillary hydrostatic pressure - decreased plasma osmotic pressure - obstruction of lymphatic circulation - increased capillary permeability |
| dehydration | fluid deficit |
| diabetic ketoacidosis | the body's lack of insulin causing the breakdown of fat for energy instead of glucose |
| increased hematocrit | increased blood volume made up of RED blood cells |
| Hyponatremia | low sodium concentration |
| hypernatremia | excess sodium levels in blood |
| buffer pairs in blood.. | respond to pH changed immediately- combination of a weak acid and its alkaline salt |
| respiratory system (control of pH levels) | can alter carbonic acid levels to change pH |
| kidneys (control of pH levels) | modify the excretion rate of acids and absorption of bicarbonate ions to regulate pH. MOST SIGNIFICANT and slowestmechanism |
| acidosis | retention of CO2 (asthma, COPD, airway infection) overproduction of H+, loss of HCO3- |
| alkalosis | loss of CO2 (hyperventilation!) loss of H+ or ingestion of antacids |
| acidosis impacts muscle function by: (4) | Impaired muscle contraction Impaired neuromuscular function Increased muscle protein breakdown Reduced energy metabolism |
| inflammation is a response to... | tissue injury- by pathogens or injury |
| stomach inflammation | Gastritis |
| liver inflammation | Hepatitis |
| large intestine inflammation | Colitis |
| tendon inflammation | Tendinitis |
| heart inflammation | Myocarditis |
| INFLAMMATORY CASCADE Vascular response (1/2) | Dilation of small blood vessels → local blood flow increases |
| INFLAMMATORY CASCADE Vascular response (2/2) | Capillary permeability increases → shift of proteins, fluid and white blood cells into interstitial space |
| what causes inflammatory cascade? | leukocytes |
| diapedesis | WBC squeeze thru intact walls of blood capillaries into surrounding tissues |
| migration/infultration | immune cells move blood stream into inflammed tissues to fight |
| rubor | redness |
| calor | heat |
| tumor | swelling (edema) |
| dolor | pain |
| functio laesa | impaired function |
| osteoarthritis | joint disease- Cartilage that cushions the ends of bones in the joints gradually wears away |
| nonspecific (passive) defense mechanism 1st line | physical barriers like the skin and mucous membranes, mechanical actions such as coughing and shedding cells, and chemical barriers like lysozyme in tears |
| Nonspecific (active) defense mechanism 2nd line | Endocytosis & phagocytosis •INNATE immune system |
| 3rd line of defense | specific- adaptive immune response |
| pathogenic MO | bacterium, virus causing disease |
| non pathogenic MO | incapable of causing disease |
| protozoa | parasite related pathogens MO |
| helminths | not MO, (WORMS) |
| infections- Septicemia (sepsis) | m.o.’s multiply in blood stream |
| Putrefaction (rot/decay) | m.o.’s multiply in dead tissue |
| resident flora (microbiota) | MO's that permanently live on or in body |
| sporadic infection | In a single individual |
| endemic | Continuous transmission within a population / region |
| epidemic | Higher than normal transmission or spread to NEW geographical area |
| pandemic | Epidemic with global transmission |
| vectors - transmission of disease | from one organism to another |
| Nosocomial infections | infection acquired in health care setting |
| inferons | inhibit virus replication- stimulate immune system |
| leukocytosis | high WBC count |
| leukopenia | low WBC count |
| innate immune response 1st line of defense (passive) | Anatomic (mechanical) • skin, mucous membranes • Physiologic • Temperature, low pH, chemical |
| innate immune response 2nd line (active) | • Inflammation • Phagocytosis & Endocytosis |
| innate immune response | • Fast, within minutes • Non-specific • = does not distinguish between pathogens • General purpose soldiers • No memory |
| adaptive immune response- 3rd line of defense includes | T cells B cells Antibodies |
| Cell-mediated immunity | protects the body from pathogens by using cells rather than antibodies |
| Humoral immunity | mediated by secreted antibodies produced by B lymphocytes (B-cells) |
| immunity- primary response | B cells, T cells, antibodies |
| immunity- secondary response | memory cells triggered by Ag → response quicker and stronger |
| autoimmune disoorder | Reactions to body’s own antigens (auto-antibodies) |
| immunodeficiency | immune system is weakened, making the body unable to fight off infections and diseases |
| Primary (congenital) Immunodeficiency | basic developmental failure somewhere in the system (for example, in the bone marrow’s production of stem cells), the thymus, or the synthesis of antibodies |
| secondary (acquired) Immunodeficiency | loss of the immune response resulting from specific causes and may occur at any time during the lifespan. |
| gangrene | necrosis with bacterial invasion |
| fracture | a break in the integrity of a bone. |
| fractures occurs because of.. | trauma, neoplasms, or increased stress on bones. |
| complete fracture | bone broken, forming separate pieces |
| incomplete fracture | bone only partially broken (greenstick #, shaft bent: tearing the cortical bone [= outer layer of compact bone]) |
| open (compound) fracture | skin broken (damage to soft tissue) (bone comes through the skin) |
| closed fracture | skin intact |
| simple # fracture | single break, maintaining alignment and position |
| Segmental fracture | break in which several large bone fragments separate from the main body or fractured bone |
| Comminuted (complex) # | multiple fractures and bone fragments |
| Compression # | bone crushed or collapsed into small pieces [common in vertebrae] |
| impacted fractures | one end forced into adjacent bone |
| pathologic fractures | results from weakness in bone integrity (tumor, osteoporosis) |
| stress fracture | fatigue fracture |
| Depressed fracture | skull fractured and forced into brain |
| Transverse fracture | fracture across the bone (straight across the bone) |
| Linear fracture | break along the axis of the bone- runs down the bone |
| Oblique fracture | break at an angle to the diaphysis |
| Spiral fracture | break that angles around the bone |
| fracture initiate.. | an inflammatory response and hemostasis. |
| hematoma | fibrin network is formed (1-5 days) |
| granulation | fibroblasts lay down new collagen fibers |
| osteoblasts (from periosteum and endosteum) | generate new bone |
| Procallus is replaced by bony callus | (11-28 days) |
| remodeling of the bone | in response to mechanical stress / return to use (18 days to months-year) |
| children heal from fractures in... adults heal in... | 4+weeks 8+weeks |
| compartment syndrome | Edema within one area of compartment of the limb that is between layers of dense connective tissue (fascia) muscles press against fascia more than they should |
| fracture treatments (3) | Immobilization Closed reduction- pressure/traction to restore bone position Open reduction: surgery to align and/or insert pins, screw rods, or plates to align |
| dislocation | Separation of two bones at a joint, with loss of contact between articulating surfaces |
| spontaneous vs assisted alignment | realignment on its own vs w help |
| sprain | tear in ligament |
| strain | tear in tendon |
| avulsion | ligaments or tendons completely separated from bony attachments |
| Osteoporosis primary vs secondary | Decrease in bone mass and density idopathic- unknown cause 1. complication of another disorder 2. |
| Bone resorption | process where osteoclasts break down bone tissue |
| lordosis | swayback- curving inward at the lower back Caused by, e.g., obesity, discitis, slipping forward of the vertebrae |
| kyphosis | Hunchback or humpback Caused by, e.g., poor posture, congenital defects, Scheuermann disease |
| osteoarthritis | "wear and tear" joint disease- cartilage wears down w time |
| Muscle soreness | Delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) • = muscle pain that starts only 24h after exercise and peaks between 48-72h, disappears after 5-7 days - structural damage to sacromeres (z-line streaming ) |
| acute (traumatic) muscle strain | SUDDEN injury caused by forceful movement or overload |
| chronic muscle strain | develop over time leading to breakdown of muscle fibers |
| grade I strain | DOMS (delayed onset of muscle soreness) |
| grade II strain | in between |
| grade III strain | complete rupture of muscle or tendon If bone becomes detached = avulsion • Surgery often required • Longer recovery • 24+ weeks to return to sports |
| Muscle contusion | traumatic, blunt force injury crush injury of muscle |
| Muscle wasting conditions: disuse | Aetiological factors: • Immobility • Sedentary lifestyle • Zero gravity |
| Muscle wasting conditions: malnutrition | Aetiological factors: • Insufficient caloric intake • Insufficient protein intake • Gastrointestinal disorders (e.g. malabsorption) |
| Muscle wasting conditions lead to... | Altered muscle composition Increased tendon stiffness Neuromuscular impairment • Muscle weakness |
Created by:
ssikkel