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Seeing and Hearing
VMT Chapter 14
| Ocular System | Responsible for vision |
| Eyes are the receptor for? | Sight |
| opt/i, opt/o, optic/o, ocul/o, and ophthalm/o | Eye or Sight |
| Extraocular | Outside the eyeball |
| Intraocular | Inside the eyeball |
| Periocular | Around the Eyeball |
| Adnexa | Accessory structures of an organ |
| Stroma | Supporting tissue of an organ |
| What all does the adnexa include? | Orbit, Eye muscles, Eyelids, Eyelashes, Conjunctiva, and Lacrimal apparatus |
| Orbit | Bony cavity of the skull containing the eyeball |
| Periorbita | Eye Socket |
| Eye Muscles | Seven major muscles attached to each eye to make a range of movement possible |
| What are the seven eye muscles? | Two oblique, four rectus, and retractor bulbi |
| Binocular | Both eyes |
| Extrinsic Muscles | Six muscles attaching to the outside of the eyeball to the bones of the orbit |
| Extrins/o | Contained outside |
| Levator Palebrae Muscles | Raise the upper eyelid |
| Eyelids | Upper and lower eyelids to protect eye from injury, foreign material, and excessive light |
| blephar/o | Eyelid |
| Canthus | Angle where the upper and lower eyelids meet |
| canth/o | Corner of the eye |
| Tarsal Plate | Platelike framework within the upper and lower eyelids providing stiffness and shape |
| tars/o | Edge of the eyelid / Ankle Joint |
| Meibomian Glands | Sebaceous glands on the margins of each eyelid, tarsal glands |
| Eyelashes | Contains hairlike structures called cilia, protect the eye from foreign material |
| Conjunctiva | Mucous membrane lining the underside of each eyelid, forms a protective covering of exposed surface of eyeball |
| conjunctiv/o | Conjunctiva |
| Nictitating Membrane | Conjunctival fold attached at the medial canthus moving across the cornea when the eyelids close, third eyelid, nictitans, haws |
| Lacrimal Apparatus | Structures that produce, store, and remove tears |
| Lacrimation | Normal tear secretion |
| Lacrim/o, Dacry/o | Teardrop, Tear duct, or Lacrimal Duct |
| Lacrimal Canaliculi | Ducts at medial canthus collecting tears and drain into the lacrimal sac |
| Lacrimal Sac / Dacryocyst | Enlargement that collects tears at the upper portion of tear ducts |
| Nasolacrimal Ducts | Passageway that drains tears into the nose |
| Dorsal Punctum | Small spot near the upper medial canthus where the nasolacrimal ducts begin |
| Punctum | Point or small spot |
| What are the wall of the eyeball / globe? | Sclera, Choroid, and Retina |
| Sclera | Fibrous outer layer of the eye that maintains the shape of the eye, White of the eye |
| Scler/o | Sclera / Hard |
| Episclera | Thin membrane covering the sclera |
| Cornea | Anterior portion of the sclera and is transparent, provides most of the focusing power of the eye |
| Corne/o, Kerat/o | Cornea |
| Descemet's Membrane | Innermost or deepest layer of the cornea |
| Choroid | Opaque middle layer of the eyeball that contains blood vessels and supplies blood to the entire eye |
| Opaque | Light cannot pass through |
| Tapetum Lucidum | Brightly colored iridescent reflecting tissue layer of the choroid |
| Tapetum Nigrum | Black pigmented tissue layer of the choroid |
| Tapetum | Layer of cells |
| Choroid/o | Choroid |
| What are associated with the choroid? | Iris, Pupil, Lens, and Ciliary Muscles |
| Iris | Pigmented muscular diaphragm of the choroid that surrounds the pupil |
| What is the iris composed of? | Muscle fiber rings that contract or relax to change size of the pupils regulating amount of light entering the lens |
| Corpora Nigra | Black pigmentation at the edge of the iris in equine and ruminants |
| ir/i, ir/o, irid/o, irit/o | Iris of the eye |
| Pupil | Circular opening in the center of the iris |
| Pupill/o, core/o | Pupil |
| To decrease the amount of light entering the eye, what do the iris muscles do? | They contract and make the opening smaller, called constriction |
| Miosis | Pupillary constriction |
| Mydriasis | Pupillary dilation |
| Lens | Clear, flexible, avascular, curved capsule located posterior to the iris and pupil |
| What is the shape of the lens altered by? | Ciliary muscles |
| Accommodation | Adjusting the shape of the lens to improve near or far vision |
| What does the varying shape of the lens affect? | The angle at which light rays enter the retina |
| phac/o | Lens of the eye |
| Ciliary body | Thickened extension of the choroid that assists in accommodation / adjustment of the lens |
| Ciliary Muscles | Located in ciliary body, adjust the shape / thickness of the lens to make it possible for the lens to refine the focus of light rays on the retina |
| Iridocorneal | Pertaining to the iris and cornea |
| Uvea | Describes the iris, ciliary body, and choroid |
| Limbus | Corneoscleral junction |
| Retina | Nervous tissue layer of the eye that receives images and lines the posterior chamber of the eye |
| retin/o | Retina |
| What specialized cells do the retina contain? | Rods and cones |
| What do the rods and cones do in the retina? | Covert visual images to nerve impulses that travel from the eye to the brain via the optic nerve |
| Rods | Specialized cells of the retina that react to light |
| Cones | Specialized cells of the retina that react to color and fine detail |
| Optic Disk | Region of the eye where nerve endings of the retina gather to form the optic nerve |
| What is the optic disk also referred to and why? | Blind spot because it does not contain any rods and cones |
| Macula Lutea | centrally depressed, clearly defined yellow area in the center o the retina |
| What does the macula lutea surround? | A small depression called the fovea centralis |
| Fovea Centralis | Contains the greatest concentration of cones in the retina (no rods) and the area of sharpest vision |
| macul/o | Spot |
| fove/o | Pit |
| lute/o | Yellow |
| Fundus | Part of the retina opposite the lens that includes the retina, optic disc, macula lutea, and fovea centralis |
| Why is the eye divided? | To make identification and location of structures easier |
| Anterior segment | Aqueous chamber, cranial one-third of the eyeball divided into anterior and posterior chambers |
| Anterior chamber of the eye | Eye cavity located between the caudal surface of the cornea, cranial surface of the iris |
| Posterior chamber of the eye | Eye cavity located between the caudal surface of the iris, cranial surface of the lens |
| Aqueous humor | Anterior segment fluid that nourishes the intraocular structures |
| aque/o | Water |
| Humor | Any clear body fluid |
| Vitreous Chamber | Caudal two-thirds of the eyeball |
| Vitreous Humor | Soft, clear, jellylike mass that fills the vitreous chamber |
| vitre/o | Glassy |
| Vision | Occurs when light rays enter the eye through the cornea, pass through the lens, and travel to the retina |
| Where is the image focused on and transmitted? | Focused on the retina and transmitted to the optic nerve |
| Stimulations are transmitted from the ___ ___, to the ___ ___, to the ______, and to the _____ ____ of the _____ ___ of the _____. | Optic nerve, optic chiasm, midbrain, visual cortex, occipital lobe, cerebrum |
| Refraction | Process of the lens bending the light rays to help them focus on the retina, focusing |
| Covergence | Simultaneous inward movement of both eyes, usually occurs in an effort to maintain single binocular vision as object approaches |
| Acuity | Sharpness or acuteness usually used in reference to vision |
| Conjunctival Scrape | Diagnostic test using an instrument to peel cells from the conjunctiva so that they can be viewed microscopically |
| Electroretinography | Procedure of recording the electrical activity of the retina, ERG |
| Fluorescein Dye Stain | Diagnostic test to detect corneal injury by placing dye on the surface of the cornea |
| Goniometry | Procedure to measure the drainage angle of the eye |
| Gon/i | Seed or Angle |
| Menace Response | Diagnostic test to detect vision in which movement is made toward the animal to test whether it will see movement and close its eyelids |
| Ophthalmoscope | Instrument used for opthalmoscopy |
| Ophthalmoscopy | Procedure used to examine interior eye structures, may be direct or indirect, Funduscopy |
| Palpebral Reflex | Diagnostic test where eye should blink in response to touch to medial canthus of eye |
| Why is the palpebral reflex test used? | To make neurologic assessment of cranial nerves V and VII to assess depth of anesthesia |
| Pupillary Light Relfex | Response of pupil to light, PLR, when light is shown in pupil, it should constrict |
| Schirmer Tear Test | Diagnostic test using a graded paper strip to measure tear production |
| Slit Lamp Examination | Visual testing of the cornea, lens, fluids, and membranes of the interior of the eye using narrow beam of light |
| Tonometry | Procedure using an instrument to measure intraocular pressure indirectly |
| Intraocular Pressure | IOP, Determined by resistance of the eyeball to indentation by an applied force |
| How is tonometry used? | Instrument and weights are placed on cornea to measure resistance / pneumatic. Puff of air is blown against cornea to flatten it slightly measuring resistance |
| Schiotz Tonometer | Example of an applanation tonometer |
| Amblyopia | Dimness or loss of sight without detectable eye disease |
| ambly/o | Dim |
| Anisocoria | Condition of unequal pupil size |
| Anis/o | Unequal |
| iso- | Equal |
| Anophthalmos | Without development of one or both eyes |
| Aphakia | Absence of the lens |
| Blepharoptosis | Drooping of the upper eyelid |
| Buphthalmos | Abnormal enlargement of the eye |
| Cataract | Cloudiness or opacity of the lens |
| Chalazion | Localized swelling of the eyelid resulting from obstruction of sebaceous gland of eyelid |
| Corneal Ulceration | Surface depression on the cornea |
| Cyclopia | Congenital anomaly characterized by a single orbit |
| Dacryoadenitis | Inflammation of the lacrimal gland |
| Dacryocystitis | Inflammation of the lacrimal sac and abnormal tear drainage |
| Diplopia | Double vision |
| dipl/o | Double |
| -opia | Vision |
| Distichiasis | Abnormal condition of double row of eyelashes usually resulting in conjunctival injury |
| Ectropion | Eversion / turning outward of the eyelid |
| Entropion | Inversion / turning inward of the eyelid |
| Epiphora | Excessive tear production |
| Episcleritis | Inflammation of the tissue of the cornea |
| Exophthalmos | Abnormal protrusion of the eyeball, exophthalmosis |
| Floaters | Particles suspended in vitreous fluid casting shadows on the retina, vitreous floaters |
| Glaucoma | Group of disorders resulting from elevated intraocular pressure |
| Hordeolum | Infection of one or more glands of the eyelid, stye |
| Hypertropia | Deviation of one eye upward |
| Hypopyon | Pus in anterior chamber of eye |
| Hypotropia | Deviation of one eye downward |
| Keratitis | Inflammation of the cornea |
| Keratoconjunctivitis | Inflammation of cornea and conjunctiva |
| Infectious Keratoconjunctivitis | Caused by a variety of microbes commonly called pinkeye |
| Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca | Inflammation of cornea and conjunctiva due to tear deficiency, can lead to persistent, mucopurulent discharge, corneal ulceration, and scarring or called dry eye, KCS |
| Macular Degenaration | Condition of central vision loss |
| Microphthalmia | Abnormally small eyes, Microphthalmos |
| Monochromatism | Lack of ability to distinguish colors |
| Nictitating Gland Prolapse | Hypertrophy and protrusion of conjunctival fold of medial canthus, cherry eye or third eyelid prolapse |
| Nuclear Sclerosis | Drying out of the lens with age |
| Nyctalopia | Condition of inability or difficulty seeing at night, night blindness |
| Nustagmus | Involuntary, constant, rhythmic movement of the eye |
| Ophthalmoplegia | Paralysis of the eye muscles |
| Panophthalmitis | Inflammation of all eye structures |
| Papilledema | Swelling of the optic disk |
| Photophobia | Fear or intolerance of light |
| Proptosis | Displacement of the eye from the orbit |
| Retinal Detachment | Separation of the nervous layer of eye from the choroid, detached retina |
| Retinopathy | Any disorder of the retina |
| Scleral Injection | Dilation of blood vessels into the sclera |
| Strabismus | Disorder in which eyes are not directed in a parallel manner, deviation of one or both eyes |
| Convergent Strabismus | Deviation of eyes toward each other, crossed eyes, esotropia |
| -topia | Turning |
| eso- | Inward |
| Divergent Strabismus | Deviation of eyes away from each other, exotropia |
| Synechia | Adhesion that binds the iris to an adjacent structure |
| Uveitis | Inflammation of the uvea |
| Blepharectomy | Surgical removal of all or part of the eyelid |
| Blepharoplasty | Surgical repair of the eyelid |
| Blepharorrphaphy | Suturing together of the eyelids, tarsorrhaphy |
| Belpharotomy | Incision of the eyelid, tarsotomy |
| Canthectomy | Surgical removal of the corner of the eyelid |
| Canthoplasty | Surgical repair of the palpebral fissure |
| Canthotomy | Incision into corner of the eyelid |
| Conjunctivoplasty | Surgical repair of the conjunctiva |
| Dacryocystectomy | Surgical removal of the lacrimal sac |
| Dacryocystotomy | Incision into the lacrimal sac |
| Enucleation | Removal of the eyeball |
| Extracapsular Extraction | Removal of a cataract leaving the posterior lens capsule intact |
| Goniotomy | Incision into anterior chamber angle for treatment of glaucoma |
| Intracapsular Extraction | Cataract removal including surrounding capsule |
| Iridectomy | Surgical removal of part of the iris |
| Keratocentesis | Puncture of cornea to allow aspiration of aqueous humor |
| Keratectomy | Surgical removal of part of the cornea |
| Keratoplasty | Surgical repair of cornea |
| Keratotomy | Incision into cornea |
| lacromotomy | Incision into lacrimal gland or duct |
| Lensectomy | Surgical removal of a lens |
| Tarsectomy | Surgical removal of all or part of tarsal plate of third eyelid |
| Tarsorrphaphy | Suturing together of eyelids |
| What organ is the ear and what does it enable? | Sensory organ to enable hearing and maintain balance |
| audit/o, aud/i, ot/o | Ear |
| Acoust/o, acous/o | Hearing / sound |
| Auditory | Pertaining to the ear |
| Acoustic | Pertaining to sound |
| What is the ear divided into? | Inner, middle, and outer portions |
| Pinna / auricle | External portion of the ear catching sound waves to transmit them to the external auditory canal |
| Pinn/i, aur/o, aur/i | External Ear |
| External Auditory Canal | Tube that transmits sound from the pinna to the tympanic membrane. Also known as External Auditory Meatus |
| Glands that line the external auditory canal secrete what? | Cerumen |
| Cerumen | Earwax |
| Where does the middle ear begin? | Eardrum / Tympanic Membrane |
| Tympanic Membrane | Tissue that separates the external ear from the middle ear |
| Where is sound transmitted after sound waves reach the tympanic membrane? | Ossicles |
| tympan/o, myring/o | Eardrum |
| Auditory Ossicles | Three tiny bones in the middle ear that transmit sound vibrations |
| What are the three ossicles of the ear? | Malleus, Incus, and Stapes |
| Malleus | Hammer |
| Incus | Anvil |
| Stapes | Stirrup |
| Eustachian Tube | Narrow duct leading from the middle ear to the nasopharynx to equalize air pressure in the middle ear w/ that of the atmosphere |
| Equalizing air pressure on both sides of the eardrum is essential to hearing | True |
| Oval Window | Located at the base of the stapes, membrane separating the middle and inner ear |
| Round Window | Membrane that receives sound waves through fluid after they have passed the cochlea |
| Tympanic Bulla | Osseous chamber at the base of the skull |
| Bulla | Medical term for large vesicle |
| What does the inner ear contain? | Sensory receptors for hearing and balance |
| Bony Labyrinth | Filled with waterlike fluid called perilymph and is divided into three parts |
| labyrinth/o | Maze, Labyrinth, and Inner Ear |
| What are the three parts of the bony labyrinth? | Vestibule, Semicircular Canals, and the Cochlea |
| Vestibule | Contains specialized mechanoreceptors for balance and position |
| Where is the vestibule located? | Adjacent to the oval window between the semicircular canals and cochlea |
| What are the three canals of the semicircular canals? | Vestibular, Tympanic, and Cochlear |
| Ampulla | Sensory cells with hairlike extensions suspended in endolymph causing the hairlike extensions to bend when the head moves |
| Where are the semicircular canals located? | Adjacent to the vestibule |
| Cochlea | Spiral-shaped passage that leads from the oval window to the inner ear |
| cochle/o | Snail or spiral |
| Cochlear Duct | Membranous tube in the bony cochlea that is filled with endolymph |
| What does endolymph do? | Vibrates when sound waves strike it |
| Organ of Corti | Spiral organ of hearing that receives and relays vibrations, located in the cochlea |
| What do specialized cells in the organ of Corti generate? | Nerve impulses when bent by the movement of endolymph relay to the auditory nerve fibers that then transmits them to the cerebral cortex |
| Air Conduction | Sound waves enter the ear through the pinna -> External Auditory Canal -> Strike the tympanic membrane |
| As the tympanic membrane vibrates, what does it move? | Ossicles |
| Bone Conduction | Tympanic membrane vibrates, ossicles conduct sound waves through the middle ear |
| How do sound waves reach the inner ear? | Via the round window |
| What do the structures of the inner ear respond to? | Sound waves that displace fluid in the inner ear |
| What do the stimulation of hair cells in the organ of Corti initiate? | Nerve impulse that is transmitted to the vestibulocochlear nerve |
| Sensorineural Conduction | Sound vibrations enter inner ear via the oval window, structures respond to sound waves, sound waves initiate nerve impulses that are then relayed to the brain |
| What is static equilibrium controlled by? | Organs in the vestibule of the inner ear |
| Saccule / Utricle | Small, Hair-like sacs, Contain a macula |
| Macula | Organ consisting of hair cells covered by a gelatinous mass containing otoliths |
| What is dynamic equilibrium controlled by? | Semicircular canals |
| What do each cristae, which is contained in the ampulla, contain? | Sensory hair cells and a gelatinous mass |
| Cytology | Study of cells |
| Otoscopy | Procedure used to examine the ear for parasites, irritation of ear lining, discharge, and integrity of the tympanic membrane |
| Otoscope | Instrument used for otoscopy |
| Aural Hematoma | Collection / mass of blood on the outer ear |
| Aural | Pertaining to the ear |
| Myringitis | Inflammation of the eardrum |
| Otalgia | Ear pain |
| Otitis | Ear inflammation |
| Otitis externa | Inflammation of the outer ear |
| Otitis Media | Inflammation of the middle ear |
| Otitis Interna | Inflammation of the inner ear |
| Otomycosis | Fungal Infection of the ear |
| Otopathy | Disease of the ear |
| Otopyorrhea | Pus discharge from the ear |
| Otorrhea | Ear discharge |
| Panotitis | Inflammation of all ear parts |
| Vertigo | Sense of dizziness |
| Otodectes | Biting parasites found in the ear |
| Ablation | Removal of a part |
| Myringectomy | Surgical removal of all or part of the eardrum, Tympanectomy |
| Otoplasty | Surgical repair of the ear |
| AD | Right Ear |
| AS | Left Ear |
| AU | Both Ears |
| ERG | Electroretinogram |
| IOP | Intraocular Pressure |
| KCS | Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca |
| OD | Right Eye |
| OS | Left Eye |
| OU | Both Eyes |
| PLR | Pupillary Light Response / Reflex |
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