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HASS last CAT
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Natural Causes of environmental change | natural sequence of events that cause change in the environment. Tectonic occur within the earth. volcanic processes. Erosion include river), glacial, wind) and mass movement. Atmospheric control the weather, for example, the greenhouse effect. |
| Examples of human actions causing environmental change | vegetation clearance to use for farming and cities damming and changing the course of rivers polluting air land and water with waste minerals extracting and burning fossil fuels. |
| Impacts of ENVIRONEMENTAL changes | Social – affects the community Economic – discusses the economic costs Environmental - explores environmental consequences |
| Land degradation | the loss of productivity and decline in fertility of land-based environments as a result of human activities like deforestation, soil becoming acidic due to build up of fertiliser, or compacted soil by large machinery and hard-hooved animals |
| water degradation | the decline in the purity and health of a water body, meaning its physical, chemical, or biological characteristics have deteriorated, making it less suitable for its intended uses and ecosystems. |
| air degradation | modification to the natural characteristics of the atmosphere caused by; rapid growth and expansion of cities, increasing population, pollutants released from factories and transport. Lead to increased rates of lung and heart disease. |
| Climate change | changes in climate patterns due to increasing temperatures caused by an increase in greenhouse gases. |
| air pollution | the natural balance of the atmosphere’s gases are being changed by pollutants such as carbon, nitrogen and sulfur. |
| loss of biodiversity | loss of the variety and number of species living in an ecosystem or region. |
| types of land degradation | soil degradation: loss of fertility of the soil: due to chemical change (intense farming, soil compaction, overuse of fertilier) Soil erosion: when soil is gradually worn away by natural phenomena: water eroding, wind Ecosystem decline |
| Types of water degradation Damming rivers: | disrupting the flow of water, floding some areas and stopping water reaching itger areas>disrupts ecosystem services, provision of fresh water fertile soil and food production. |
| Pollutants in our water: | contamination of our rivers lakes, seas and oceans caused bu human activities like oil drilling, shipping, fishing. |
| WHat is an ecological footprint | human impact on the environment/ represents the amount of land and natural resources we need to support the production of things we consume or use everyday |
| how to reduce an ecological footprint | by reducing the amount of resources we consume every day: recycle, hang drying clothes instead of dryer, using public transport, reusing, unplugging unused electronics |
| Causes of biodiversity loss | caused by humans only: deforestation, overexploitation of resources, pollution of land water and air, spread of invasive species, climate change. |
| Consequences of biodiversity loss | natural environment harm but also provisioning, supporting and regulating systems are in decline because the plants and animals that sustain them are dying out. |
| What is an erthcentred view (and implication) | the environment: does not exist for human exploitation -must be considered first and foremost before any economic development -the human race will not survive unless we integrate our knowledge on how it sustains itself into the way we think and act. |
| what is a human centred view (and implication) | environment is: to be used to meet human needs and wants -we are the managers of it. =economic growth is the most important thing. natural resources -with econmic value aer only important. -technology can be used to solve environmental problems. |
| Ecosystem services | are all the processes and outputs that nature provides us with. |
| Provisioning | goods we obtain from the ecosystem |
| regulating | natural prcesses that control sytems |
| supporting | serviecs that make other services possible |
| cultural | non-material benefits (e.g. spirituality, enjoyement from recreational activites) |
| CO2- temp feedback relationship | Green house gases liek CO2 trap some of the sun's energy within the atmosphere causing temperatures to rise |
| Causes of climate change | burning fossil fuels, large scale livestock farming, fertilisers, aerosols |
| impacts of climate change | sea levels rising, melting glaciers, coral bleaching, droughts, extreme weather events |
| Hard engineering strategies for coastal management | Hard engineering is usually a big, expensive project. It tends to be a relatively short-term solution and may not be sustainable. (sea wells, riprap, revetment, offshore breakwater, groynes) |
| Soft engineering strategies for coastal management | Cheaper methods that work with nature and so are often sustainable and last a longer time. (beach nourishment, cliff regrading and drainage, dune stabilisation) |
| evironment impacts in coastline change | Erosion can lead to loss of dune systems, which are important habitats for native flora and fauna Changes in beach profile may affect nesting areas for coastal birds Decreased cleanliness of the beach Reduction in coastal scenery and views |
| causes of coastline change | |
| Indicators of economic performance | Economic growth rate, Unemployement rate, inflation rate, (HDI) Human developement index, Quality of life index, (GPI) genuine progress indicator |
| Unemployement rate | |
| inflation rate | |
| (HDI) Human developement index | |
| Quality of life index | |
| How is australias economy performing | |
| Living standards | |
| causes of variations that exist between economies | |
| link between living standards and economic performance | |
| Ways a government can redistribute income | progressive income tax, unemployement pensions |
| The distribution of income and wealth in the economy | |
| biodiversity | the variety of living organisms on the planet |
| social impacts in coastline change | Loss of beach for recreational purposes Compromised safe beach access Loss of beach access infrastructure |
| GDP (gross domestic product) | A measure of the total value of all goods and services produces in australi OVER A YEAR ( if it increases we know that the economy is growing vise versa) |
Created by:
Im_Not_Stingy