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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Borderline situation (philosophy) | = Jaspers |
| Existentialism is humanism | Sartre |
| Man is condemned to freedom | Sartre |
| Hobbes phrase about humans | Man is a wolf to man |
| Quality that distinguishes humans from others = | Individualism |
| Confucius and Mencius believed humans are = | Inherently good |
| Artman means = Highest individual subjective principle | Highest individual subjective principle |
| Relationship between man and society | |
| Reason in Sufism/Islamic philosophy leads to = | Approach to Allah |
| Massification of humans = | Marcuse |
| Socialization means = | Assimilation of social norms |
| Highest degree of beauty in man and society = | Aesthetic ideal |
| Author of “The Selfish Gene” = | Dawkins |
| War of every man against every man | = Hobbes |
| Main meaning of existentialism = | Human existence |
| Will to life = | Nietzsche |
| Philosophy based on individual choice = | Existentialism |
| Medieval philosopher argued likeness to God = | Thomas Aquinas (or Augustine) |
| Modern era values = | Reason and nationality |
| Meaning of life as serving people = | Altruism |
| Ataraxia means = | Equanimity, impassivity |
| Ability to create mental images = | Imagination |
| Purification of emotions through art = | Catharsis |
| “There is beauty in everything but not everyone sees it” = | Confucius |
| Author of “The Great Book of Music” = | Al-Farabi |
| Kant discusses artistic creativity in = | Critique of Judgement (not Practical Reason) |
| Dionysian and Apollonian elements distinguished by = | Nietzsche |
| Totality of artistic features of a work = | Artist’s style |
| Art expresses worldview of = | The artist |
| Sign of artistry of a work = | System of criteria |
| Art according to Schiller depicts = | Supersensible |
| Main structural units of art = | Types of art |
| Founders of cinematography = | Lumière brothers |
| Antonio Gaudí is = | Spanish architect |
| Sistine Madonna is housed in = | Old Masters Gallery, Dresden |
| Biographies of famous sculptors written by = | Giorgio Vasari |
| Renaissance artist precursor to surrealism = | Bosch |
| Function of art fostering taste = | Aesthetic function |
| Schelling’s classification of art forms = | Real and Ideal |
| Mass culture emergence caused by = | Industrial development |
| Practical utilitarian approach to art leads to = | Loss of specificity of art |
| In relation to the sublime in art man is = | Alienated |
| Deep reflection of reality in art = | Artistic truth |
| Aesthetic consciousness unites = | Concepts, images, emotions |
| Subject of art is | = Reality through artist’s personality |
| Highest degree of beauty | = Aesthetic ideal |
| Associative artistic process is | = Artistic knowledge |
| Primitive man created = | Painting, graphics, sculpture |
| Art and theory of interpreting texts = | Hermeneutics |
| Pleasure from matching ideal object = | Aesthetic pleasure |
| Greek idea governing art creation = | Mimesis |
| Hermeneutics means = | Art of explanation and interpretation |
| Aesthetic attitude determined by = | The beautiful |
| Five proofs of God’s existence = | Thomas Aquinas |
| Religio means = | To bind, connect |
| God in all nature = | Pantheism |
| Religion is opium of the masses = | Marx |
| Ancient Egyptian sacred text = | Book of the Dead |
| Sacred book of Zoroastrianism = | Avesta |
| Source of fear: religion and death = | Epicurus |
| Early Buddhist texts = | Tripitaka |
| Most complete info about early Buddhism = | The Three Baskets |
| First Noble Truth | Life is suffering |
| Faith vs philosophy incompatibility = | Al-Ghazali |
| Ontological argument by = | Anselm of Canterbury |
| Philosophical basis of Augustine = | Neoplatonism |
| If belief helps life, believe = | William James |
| Eight faces of Allah author = | Abai |
| Abai: power of the Most High is in = | Science and mercy |
| Author of “Canons of Islam” = | Shakarim |
| Six Vedic schools = | Vedanta, Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa |
| French Enlightenment worldview = | Anticlericalism |
| “Less superstition…” quote = | Voltaire |
| Doctrine of final fate of world = | Eschatology |
| True engine of history = | World Spirit (Hegel) |
| Caste system classical form found in = | India |
| Buddhism differs from Vedic tradition by = | Liberation through realizing illusion of self |
| Not a world religion = | Judaism |
| Open society concept by = | Popper |
| Dominant culture imposing on others = | Orientalism |
| Basic social questions solved by = | Rational knowledge (Rousseau) |
| Social contract in France = | Rousseau |
| Thomas Hobbes Leviathan becomes | = The State |
| Utopian social program “City of the Sun” by = | Campanella |
| Founder of utopian socialism, wrote “Utopia” | = Thomas More |
| History is progress of spirit in freedom | = Hegel |
| Economic progress ≠ moral progress | = Spencer |
| Civilization is final stage of culture | = Spengler |
| Method used by Spengler | = Morphology |
| Cause of transformation of culture to civilization = | Technology dominance |
| Central idea of Spencer = | Evolution |
| Ideal type concept by = | Max Weber |
| Arnold Toynbee concluded = | Many civilizations exist |
| Civilizations respond to challenges = | Toynbee |
| Origin of totalitarianism traced to Plato by = | Popper |
| In “Third Wave” new society is | = Information society |
| Postindustrial society concept by | = Daniel Bell |
| Socioeconomic formation concept by = | Marx |
| Difference between culture and civilization by = | Spengler |
| For Spengler, civilization = | Decline of culture |
| Open and closed society authors = | Bergson and Popper |
| Opposition culture vs civilization described in = | Spengler “Decline of the West” |
| When rulers cease being wise, aristocrats lead to = | Timocracy |
| Weber’s three types of authority = | Rational, traditional, charismatic |
| Durkheim basic form of society = | Solidarity-based society |
| Basic classification of societies = | Methods of production and exchange |
| Founder of cultural-historical types doctrine = | Danilevsky |
| Spengler’s cultural types = | Apollonian, Faustian, Magical |
| Open society defined by = | Individualism and democratic pluralism |
| Social knowledge characterized by = | Partial identity of subject and object |
| Method of social philosophy → internal relations = | Structural-functional method |
| Human material and industrial sphere = | Conscious purposeful activity |
| Population vs resources theory by = | Malthus |
| Civilizational approach representative = | Toynbee |
| Stage overcoming savagery = | Civilization |
| Source of fundamental social change = | Development of productive forces |
| Driving force of development = | Contradiction |
| Historical evolution of society = | Sociogenesis |
| Montesquieu “spirit of laws” = | Linear definition of law |
| Modern trend → self-development factor = | Synergetics |
| End of history concept = | Fukuyama |
| Philosophical history concept by = | Voltaire |
| Pythagoras = | Numbers |
| Atoms doctrine = | Democritus |
| Tao = | Law of nature, society, behavior |
| Ontology = | Teaching about being |
| Subjective idealism | = Space and time are forms of perception |
| Being definition = | Something that exists |
| Absolute reality in Hinduism = | Brahman |
| Taoism principle = | Naturalness and harmony |
| “Thought and being are one” = | Parmenides |
| Ahimsa means = | Do no harm |
| Being is eternal, united = | Parmenides |
| Everything flows = | Heraclitus |
| Cannot enter same river twice = | Relativism (Heraclitus idea) |
| Motion unthinkable | = Zeno of Elea |
| Zeno paradox = | Impossibility of motion |
| Any change means = | Motion |
| Fatalism | = Denial of freedom |
| Immanence = | Innate idea |
| Stoicism = | Enduring the unchangeable |
| Anaximander = | Arche of things |
| Plato = | Two worlds (ideas and phenomena) |
| Forms (ideas) creator = | Plato |
| Relativist = | Protagoras |
| Nirvana = | Absolute calm |
| Samkhya dual principles = | Prakriti and Purusha |
| Schopenhauer | = World as Will and Representation |
| Platonic idea = | Immaterial essence |
| Pluralism | = Many independent principles |
| Kant → impossible to know thing-in-itself = | Kant |
| Moral nihilism = | No moral truths |
| Fairness = | Equal treatment without bias |
| Moral skepticism = | No moral knowledge |
| Kant categorical imperative = | Treat humanity as an end |
| “Starry sky above me…” = | Kant |
| “Educating the mind without the heart…” = | Aristotle |
| Revaluation of values | = Nietzsche |
| Spinoza’s path to freedom = | Knowledge (Ethics) |
| Highest level of value consciousness = | Ideals |
| Nietzsche values = | Must be created by humans |
| Daoism principle Wu Wei = | Non-action |
| First philosopher moral as independent sphere = | Kant |
| Protestant ethic → capitalism = | Weber |
| Jainism main ethic = | Ahimsa |
| Voltaire quote about defending speech = | Voltaire |
| Citizens of the world = | Cynics |
| Denial of fate, humans free | = Confucians |
| Montesquieu developed law theory of | = Locke |
| Spinoza: world governed by | = Absolute necessity |
| Machiavelli core idea = | Politics for politics |
| Locke natural rights exclude = | Right to vote |
| Montesquieu separation of powers = | Basis of rule of law |
| Rousseau opening line = | Man is born free but in chains |
| Everything predestined = | Fatalism |
| Eudaemonism meaning of life = | Freedom from suffering |
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