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M03
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Thymus location | Located in mediastinum behind sternum in upper chest beneath breastbone |
| Spleen contents | Contains red pulp and white pulp; filters blood and destroys old RBCs |
| Function of spleen | Filters blood, stores lymphocytes, destroys worn-out RBCs |
| Inguinal lymph nodes location | Found in the groin area |
| Inguinal lymph nodes function | Drain genitals, lower limbs, and lower abdomen |
| Adenoids definition | Pharyngeal tonsils located in nasopharynx |
| Adenoids function | Help fight infections in early childhood until immune system matures |
| Adenoids growth pattern | Largest between ages 3–5; shrink by age 7–8; absent by adulthood |
| Identify structure: Axillary lymph nodes | Located in armpit; filter lymph from upper limbs and breast |
| Identify structure: Lymphatic vessel valve | Prevents backflow of lymph; ensures one-way movement toward thorax |
| Adaptive immunity definition | Specific defenses targeting particular pathogens |
| Innate immunity definition | Non-specific defenses that protect against many pathogens |
| Inflammation description | Swelling and redness due to vasodilation and increased permeability |
| B cells primary function | Produce antibodies |
| B cell proliferation outcome | Clones itself; forms memory cells and plasma cells |
| Plasma cells function | Produce large quantities of antibodies |
| Antigen definition | Any molecule that elicits an immune response |
| Interferon definition | Protein produced by lymphocytes that blocks viral replication |
| Interferon function | Stimulates uninfected cells to produce antiviral proteins; enhances phagocytosis |
| Antigen-presenting cells example | Macrophages |
| Macrophage APC function | Process antigen and present it to T cells for activation |
| Active immunity definition | Body produces its own antibodies after exposure or vaccination |
| Naturally acquired active immunity example | Getting sick and recovering; forms memory cells |
| Artificially acquired active immunity example | Vaccines |
| Passive immunity definition | Antibodies are given, not produced by immune system |
| Naturally acquired passive immunity example | Antibodies crossing placenta or breast milk |
| Artificially acquired passive immunity example | Injection of immune globulin serum |
| Autoimmune disease cause | Immune system attacks self-cells and tissues |
| Alimentary canal definition | Muscular tube from mouth to anus for digestion and absorption |
| Main functions of digestive system | Ingestion, propulsion, digestion, absorption, elimination |
| Mechanical digestion definition | Physical breakdown of food without chemical change |
| Bolus definition | Chewed food mixed with saliva |
| Chemical digestion definition | Catabolic enzyme breakdown of complex molecules |
| Most important functions of digestive system | Digestion and absorption |
| Parasympathetic effect on digestion | Increases digestive activity |
| Greater omentum definition | Fatty membrane hanging like apron covering intestines |
| Epiglottis function | Covers larynx during swallowing to prevent aspiration |
| Epiglottis attachment | Attached to larynx |
| Stomach functions | Receives and mixes food with gastric juice, limited absorption, moves food to small intestine |
| List accessory digestive organs | Teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas |
| Parts of stomach: Cardial notch | Temporary storage area sometimes filled with swallowed air |
| Parts of stomach: Fundus | Temporary storage area, sometimes filled with swallowed air |
| Parts of stomach: Body | Main portion of stomach |
| Parts of stomach: Pylorus | Distal end leading to small intestine |
| Pyloric sphincter function | Valve controlling movement of chyme into small intestine |
| Stomach muscle layers | Longitudinal (outer), circular (middle), oblique (inner) |
| Peristalsis definition | Wave-like propulsion of food through digestive tract |
| Salivary glands | Parotid, submandibular, sublingual |
| Function of saliva | Moistens, binds, dissolves food, begins carb digestion, cleans mouth |
| Hard vs soft palate | Hard = bony anterior portion; soft = muscular posterior |
| Pancreas location | Posterior to stomach, attached to duodenum |
| Pancreatic acinar cells function | Secrete digestive enzymes into ducts |
| Food passage order | Pharynx → esophagus → stomach → duodenum → jejunum → ileum |
| Gallbladder function | Stores and concentrates bile; releases into small intestine |
| Primary vs permanent teeth | 20 primary; 32 permanent |
| Tooth enamel definition | Hard calcium-salt covering of crown |
| Tooth root contents | Blood vessels and nerves in root canal |
| Layers of alimentary canal in order (outermost to innermost) | Serosa, muscularis, submucosa, mucosa |
| Mucosa functions | Secretes mucus and enzymes; absorbs nutrients |
| Submucosa function | Nourishes tissues and transports absorbed molecules |
| Muscularis components | Circular and longitudinal muscle layers for movement |
| Serosa function | Reduces friction with serous fluid |
| Rugae definition | Folds of mucosa and submucosa in stomach |
| Vomiting reflex control center | Medulla oblongata |
| Macronutrients list | Carbohydrates, proteins, fats |
| Micronutrients list | Vitamins and minerals |
| Fat-soluble vitamins | A, D, E, K |
| Water-soluble vitamins | B-complex and C |
| Liver location | Right upper quadrant; largest internal organ |
| Function of liver | Detoxifies blood, stores nutrients, produces bile |
| Common bile duct formation | Union of hepatic duct and cystic duct |
| Bile definition | Greenish-yellow liver fluid stored in gallbladder |
| Digestive function of bile salts | Emulsify fats and aid fat-soluble vitamin absorption |
| Jaundice cause | Accumulation of bile pigments in tissues |
| Chylomicrons function | Transport dietary fats to cells |
| Heartburn definition | Reflux of stomach contents into esophagus causing inflammation |
| Submandibular gland | Salivary gland beneath mandible |
| Esophagus | Tube carrying food to stomach |
| Liver | Produces bile and detoxifies blood |
| Gallbladder | Stores and concentrates bile |
| Small intestine | Main site of nutrient absorption |
| Lingual frenulum | Mucosal fold under tongue |
| Hard palate | Bony anterior roof of mouth |
| Nasopharynx | Upper portion of pharynx behind nose |
| Central incisor | Front tooth used for cutting |
| Enamel | Hard outer tooth covering |
| Pancreas | Secretes digestive enzymes and hormones |
| Ascending colon | First upward portion of large intestine |
| Appendix | Worm-like extension of cecum |
| Ileum | Final section of small intestine |
| Transverse colon | Horizontal segment of large intestine |
| Duodenum | First part of small intestine |
| Serosa | Outermost alimentary canal layer |
| Stomach | Organ for food mixing and digestion |
| Fundus | Upper rounded portion of stomach |
| Greater curvature | Lateral large curve of stomach |
| Greater omentum | Fatty membrane covering intestines |
| Intestinal glands of duodenum | Secrete digestive enzymes |
| Laryngopharynx | Lower part of pharynx |
| Mandibular canine | Lower jaw canine tooth |
| Oropharynx | Middle region behind oral cavity |
| Parotid gland | Largest salivary gland near ear |
| Lesser curvature | Smaller medial curve of stomach |
| Capsule of lymph node | Outer connective tissue covering |
| Mesentery of small intestine | Tissue binding intestines to posterior abdominal wall |
| Cortex of lymph node | Peripheral region containing lymphatic nodules |
| Cardia of stomach | Area where esophagus meets stomach |
Created by:
jcorona83