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M02
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hematopoiesis | Process of forming all blood cells; occurs in red bone marrow; hema = blood, poiesis = production |
| Formed elements percentage | 45% of blood volume and include RBCs, WBCs, and platelets |
| Plasma percentage | 55% of blood volume; contains water, proteins, nutrients, wastes, electrolytes, hormones |
| Plasma proteins role | Major contributors to colloid osmotic pressure; albumin maintains fluid balance; low protein causes edema |
| Albumin | Most abundant plasma protein responsible for maintaining colloid osmotic pressure |
| Plasma electrolytes | Sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, bicarbonate, magnesium, phosphate, sulfate; help maintain pH and physiological balance |
| Plasma vs Serum | Serum = plasma minus clotting factors (fibrinogen and others); plasma still contains clotting proteins |
| RBC scientific name | Erythrocyte |
| RBC shape and significance | Biconcave discs without nucleus; increased surface area for gas exchange; flexible to pass through capillaries |
| Hemoglobin and iron | Iron is part of heme group allowing oxygen binding; required for hemoglobin synthesis |
| Anemia definition | Low RBC count or low hemoglobin reducing oxygen-carrying capacity; causes pallor and fatigue |
| Normal blood pH | 7.35–7.45 |
| Vitamin B12 role | Required for DNA synthesis; deficiency leads to anemia; needs intrinsic factor for absorption |
| Intrinsic factor | Produced by stomach to enable B12 absorption in small intestine |
| Erythropoietin (EPO) | Hormone from kidneys triggered by hypoxia; stimulates RBC production in bone marrow |
| Cyanosis | Bluish skin color caused by increased deoxyhemoglobin from low oxygen levels |
| Myeloid stem cells | Give rise to RBCs, platelets, and WBCs except lymphocytes |
| WBC scientific name | Leukocyte |
| Granulocytes vs agranulocytes | Granulocytes have cytoplasmic granules (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils); agranulocytes lack granules (lymphocytes, monocytes) |
| Most abundant WBC | Neutrophils (55–75%); first responders to bacterial infection; phagocytic |
| Eosinophils | 1–4% of WBCs; increase in allergic and parasitic infections |
| Basophils | Least abundant (<2%); release histamine during inflammation and allergic response |
| Monocytes | 2–8%; kidney-shaped nucleus; become macrophages for phagocytosis |
| Lymphocytes | 20–40%; include B cells and T cells; responsible for adaptive immunity |
| Platelets definition | Cell fragments from megakaryocytes; aid clotting and vessel repair |
| Thrombocytopenia | Low platelet count causing bruising and bleeding tendency |
| Thrombocytosis | Increased platelet count |
| RBC lifespan | 120 days; hemoglobin broken down into iron and biliverdin |
| Positive chemotaxis | WBCs attracted to damaged cells via chemical signals |
| Diapedesis | WBCs squeeze through capillary walls to reach tissues |
| Leukemia | Cancer of blood-forming tissues producing abnormal WBCs; causes infection susceptibility, bleeding, fatigue |
| RBC shape importance | Biconcave shape increases surface area and flexibility for gas exchange and capillary flow |
| Hematocrit | Percentage of total RBC volume in blood; low = anemia; high = polycythemia |
| Sickle cell disease | Genetic abnormal hemoglobin causes RBCs to sickle under low O2; blocks capillaries leading to pain and infarction |
| Thalassemia | Genetic disorder with deficient hemoglobin; shortened RBC life |
| Aplastic anemia | Bone marrow failure causing pancytopenia (low RBC, WBC, platelets) |
| Hemolytic anemia | Premature RBC destruction faster than replacement |
| Pernicious anemia | Low RBC count and large fragile RBCs due to vitamin B12 deficiency |
| Hemostasis | Process that prevents blood loss: vascular spasm → platelet plug → coagulation |
| Critical clotting step | Prothrombin converts to thrombin and fibrinogen converts to fibrin |
| Plasmin | Breaks down fibrin; dissolves clot during healing |
| Thrombus | Stationary abnormal clot in blood vessel |
| Embolus | Mobile clot that travels through bloodstream |
| Thrombosis | Clot in vessel supplying vital organ |
| Infarction | Tissue death due to blocked blood supply |
| Atherosclerosis | Fat accumulation in arterial walls increasing clot risk |
| Blood type antigens | RBC antigens determine blood type: A, B, AB, or O (none) |
| Plasma antibodies | Opposite of RBC antigens; type A has anti-B; type B has anti-A; type O has both; AB has none |
| Universal donor | Type O negative (lacks A, B, and Rh antigens) |
| Universal recipient | Type AB positive |
| Rh factor definition | Rh+ has D antigen; Rh− lacks it |
| Erythroblastosis fetalis | Hemolytic disease of newborn due to Rh incompatibility in subsequent pregnancy |
| Blood typing test principle | Reagents detect antigens via agglutination (clumping); clumping = antigen present |
| Pathogens | Disease-causing microorganisms or agents |
| Primary immune cells | Lymphocytes, monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| Antigen | Any molecule triggering immune response |
| Antibody definition | Immunoglobulin protein that binds and neutralizes specific antigens |
| Lymph definition | Fluid drained from tissues containing WBCs, proteins, lipids, and debris |
| Lymph node function | Filters lymph, traps pathogens, stores and activates lymphocytes, initiates immune response |
| Lymphatic vessels | Thin-walled, low pressure, contain valves, collect lymph and return to bloodstream |
| Collecting ducts | Right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct; thoracic drains most of body into left subclavian vein |
| Regions of lymph nodes | Cervical (head/neck), axillary (upper limbs/breast), mediastinal (thoracic cavity), inguinal (lower limbs/pelvis) |
| Absence of lymph drainage | Leads to edema due to fluid accumulation in tissues |
| Spleen | Largest lymphatic organ; filters blood; destroys old RBCs; contains red and white pulp |
| Tonsils & adenoids | Trap pathogens entering through mouth/nose; first line of defense |
| Bone marrow | Site of hematopoiesis; produces RBCs, WBCs, platelets |
| Peyer's patches | Lymphatic tissue in small intestine; monitors and destroys intestinal bacteria |
| Thymus | Site of T-cell maturation; shrinks after puberty; first immune organ to decline with age |
| Appendix | Contains lymphoid tissue; stores beneficial bacteria and protects intestinal wall |
| Function of lymph | Returns excess fluid to blood, transports fats, carries immune cells, removes waste |
| Lymph flow direction | One-way flow: capillaries → vessels → nodes → trunks → ducts → subclavian veins |
| Lymph vs plasma | Lymph has WBCs only; plasma has RBCs and WBCs; lymph returns via subclavian veins |
| Stress and immunity | Chronic stress decreases immune ability and increases disease risk |
| Active immunity | Body produces antibodies after exposure or vaccination; long-lasting |
| Passive immunity | Antibodies received from outside source; immediate but temporary |
| Interleukin-1 function | Triggers fever; enhances phagocyte activity; reduces available iron for microbes |
| IgG | Most abundant; secondary response; long-term immunity; appears after IgM |
| IgM | Primary first responder antibody; short-term protection |
| IgD | Receptor on B cells for activation |
| IgA | Secretory antibody in tears, saliva, mucus, and colostrum |
| IgE | Involved in allergic and parasitic responses; triggers histamine release |
| Plasma cell | Differentiated B cell producing antibodies |
| Opsonization | Antibody-coating enhances phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils |
| Transplant rejection cause | Mismatch of MHC antigens triggers immune attack |
| Colostrum | First breast secretion rich in IgA, nutrients, and immune factors |
| Innate immunity | Non-specific, immediate, includes inflammation, barriers, phagocytes, fever, complement, interferon |
| Adaptive immunity | Specific, slower, memory-based; involves T and B lymphocytes |
| Difference between T and B cells | T cells perform cell-mediated immunity; B cells produce antibodies |
| Primary vs secondary immune response | Primary = IgM first; secondary = IgG rapid response due to memory cells |
| IgE allergy involvement | IgE binds allergens triggering histamine release causing allergic symptoms |
| Three formed elements | RBCs, WBCs, and platelets |
| Another name for WBCs | Leukocytes |
| Most numerous WBC | Neutrophils |
| Total WBC count vs differential | Total = quantity of all WBCs; differential = percent of each type |
| Identify neutrophil | Multi-lobed nucleus; pale granules; first responder to bacteria |
| Identify eosinophil | Bi-lobed nucleus; red-orange granules |
| Identify basophil | Dark blue-purple granules obscuring nucleus; least common |
| Identify lymphocyte | Large round nucleus nearly fills cell; thin cytoplasm rim |
| Identify monocyte | Largest WBC; kidney-shaped nucleus; becomes macrophage |
| Blood typing results interpretation | Agglutination = antigen present; no agglutination = antigen absent |
| Blood donation rules | Type O → all; AB → AB only; A → A & AB; B → B & AB; Rh– → Rh– & Rh+ |
| Blood Type A+ | Receives: A+, A-, O+, O- | Donates: A+, AB+ |
| Blood Type A- | Receives: A-, O- | Donates: A+, A-, AB+, AB- |
| Blood Type B+ | Receives: B+, B-, O+, O- | Donates: B+, AB+ |
| Blood Type B- | Receives: B-, O- | Donates: B+, B-, AB+, AB- |
| Blood Type AB+ | Receives: A+, A-, B+, B-, AB+, AB-, O+, O- (Universal Recipient) | Donates: AB+ only |
| Blood Type AB- | Receives: A-, B-, AB-, O- | Donates: AB+, AB- |
| Blood Type O+ | Receives: O+, O- | Donates: O+, A+, B+, AB+ |
| Blood Type O- | Receives: O- only | Donates: All blood types (Universal Donor) |
| Rh+ Meaning | Has the D antigen on the RBC surface |
| Rh- Meaning | Does NOT have the D antigen on the RBC surface |
Created by:
jcorona83