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M01
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Functions of the cardiovascular system | Transports nutrients, gases (O2/CO2), and waste; protects against infection and blood loss; maintains body temperature; maintains fluid balance |
| Location of the heart | Located in thoracic cavity behind the sternum, anterior to trachea and esophagus, superior to diaphragm, and protected by ribcage |
| Layers of the heart | Endocardium (inner lining and valve surface), Myocardium (muscular middle layer), Epicardium (outer protective layer) |
| Layers of pericardium | Fibrous pericardium (outer) + serous pericardium (parietal and visceral layers) |
| Blood flow right side | SVC/IVC/coronary sinus → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary valve → pulmonary artery → lungs |
| Blood flow left side | Pulmonary veins → left atrium → mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic valve → aorta → systemic circulation |
| Right atrium receives blood from | Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus |
| AV valve locations | Tricuspid: right atrium to right ventricle; Mitral: left atrium to left ventricle |
| AV valve support | Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae prevent valve inversion during ventricular contraction |
| Tricuspid valve function | Allows blood to flow right atrium → right ventricle and prevents backflow |
| Pulmonary valve function | Allows blood flow right ventricle → pulmonary artery and prevents backflow |
| Mitral valve function | Allows blood flow left atrium → left ventricle and prevents backflow |
| Aortic valve function | Allows blood flow left ventricle → aorta and prevents backflow |
| Functional syncytium definition | Cardiac muscle cells contract as a coordinated functional unit |
| Cardiac conduction pathway | SA node → AV node → AV bundle (Bundle of His) → Purkinje fibers |
| SA node role | Natural pacemaker that initiates electrical impulses without nervous system input |
| ECG definition | Recording of the electrical activity of the heart during depolarization and repolarization |
| P wave meaning | Atrial depolarization caused by SA node firing |
| QRS complex meaning | Ventricular depolarization (ventricular contraction) |
| T wave meaning | Ventricular repolarization (ventricular relaxation) |
| Atrial systole | Atria contract simultaneously to push blood into ventricles |
| Ventricular systole | Ventricles contract to pump blood into aorta and pulmonary artery; highest BP occurs here |
| Atrial diastole | Atria relax and refill with blood via vena cava and pulmonary veins |
| Ventricular diastole | Ventricles relax and refill after contraction |
| Cause of heart sounds | S1 = closure of mitral + tricuspid valves; S2 = closure of aortic + pulmonary valves |
| Myocardial infarction | Coronary artery blockage leading to tissue death due to lack of oxygen |
| Arrhythmia | Abnormal heart rhythm |
| Function of arteries | Carry oxygenated blood away from heart (except pulmonary artery) |
| Function of veins | Carry blood toward the heart to be oxygenated (except pulmonary veins) |
| Capillary structure and function | Single-cell epithelium allows exchange of O2, CO2, nutrients, and waste |
| Precapillary sphincter function | Regulates capillary blood flow based on body needs via hormonal and nervous control |
| Blood pressure definition | Systolic pressure over diastolic pressure (contraction over relaxation) |
| Blood pressure highest during | Ventricular systole |
| Blood pressure formula | BP = Cardiac Output × Peripheral Resistance; vasoconstriction raises BP |
| Baroreceptor reflex | High BP triggers parasympathetic stimulation causing heart rate to decrease |
| Kidney disease link to hypertension | Activates renin-angiotensin system causing vasoconstriction and increased BP |
| Cardiac output formula | CO = HR × SV; stroke volume = blood ejected per beat |
| Pulse points | Temporal, carotid, apical, brachial, radial, femoral, popliteal, posterior tibial, dorsalis pedis |
| Vessel with greatest blood volume | Veins |
| Longest vein | Great saphenous vein |
| Arteriosclerosis | Hardening and thickening of arteries due to plaque, HTN, diabetes, smoking, or inflammation |
| Muscle effect on venous return | Skeletal muscle pump and valves prevent backflow and assist blood return to heart |
| Face and scalp drainage | External jugular vein |
| Largest artery | Aorta |
| Celiac artery function | Supplies stomach, spleen, liver, pancreas, and upper duodenum |
| Endocarditis | Life-threatening infection of inner heart lining and valves; caused by bacteria/fungi |
| Bradycardia | Slow HR under 60 bpm; pacemaker may be required if symptoms severe |
| Tachycardia | Fast HR above 100 bpm at rest; may result from fever, drugs, anemia, heart disease, or stress |
| Myocardial infarct definition | Death of myocardium due to coronary blockage or thrombus |
| Apex of the heart | The pointed inferior tip of the heart formed by the left ventricle; located slightly left of midline |
| Atria | Upper receiving chambers of the heart (right and left) that receive incoming blood |
| Ventricles | Lower pumping chambers (right and left) that eject blood to lungs and body |
| Left auricle | Ear-shaped pouch attached to the left atrium that increases atrial volume |
| Right auricle | Ear-shaped pouch attached to the right atrium that increases atrial volume |
| Right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve | Valve between right atrium and right ventricle preventing backflow during contraction |
| Left atrioventricular (mitral/bicuspid) valve | Valve between left atrium and left ventricle preventing backflow during contraction |
| Superior vena cava | Large vein returning deoxygenated blood from upper body to right atrium |
| Inferior vena cava | Large vein returning deoxygenated blood from lower body to right atrium |
| Right pulmonary veins | Vessels returning oxygenated blood from right lung to left atrium |
| Left pulmonary veins | Vessels returning oxygenated blood from left lung to left atrium |
| Pulmonary trunk | Large artery carrying deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to pulmonary arteries |
| Aortic arch | Curved part of aorta that gives rise to major systemic branches supplying head, neck, and arms |
| Interventricular septum | Thick muscle wall separating right and left ventricles |
| Myocardium | Muscular middle layer of the heart wall responsible for pumping force |
| Endocardium | Smooth inner lining of heart chambers and valves |
| Aorta | Largest artery in body; carries oxygenated blood from left ventricle to systemic circulation |
| Left carotid artery | Branch of aortic arch supplying head and brain on left side |
| Right carotid artery | Branch of brachiocephalic trunk supplying head and brain on right side |
| Brachiocephalic trunk | First major branch of aortic arch; divides into right subclavian and right carotid arteries |
| Brachial vein | Major vein of upper arm draining blood toward axillary vein |
| Cephalic vein | Large superficial vein running along lateral side of arm into axillary vein |
| Median cubital vein | Common venipuncture site located anterior elbow connecting cephalic and basilic veins |
| Femoral artery | Large artery of thigh supplying lower extremities |
| Femoral vein | Major deep vein of thigh returning blood to external iliac vein |
| Left renal vein | Drains deoxygenated blood from left kidney into inferior vena cava |
| Right renal vein | Drains deoxygenated blood from right kidney into inferior vena cava |
| Left renal artery | Supplies oxygenated blood from aorta to left kidney |
| Right renal artery | Supplies oxygenated blood from aorta to right kidney |
| Brachial artery | Major artery of upper arm; site for blood pressure measurement |
| Radial vein | Forearm vein that runs along lateral side and drains into brachial or axillary veins |
| Fibular (peroneal) artery | Lower leg artery supplying lateral and posterior compartments |
| Internal jugular vein | Large vein draining brain and deep structures of head into brachiocephalic vein |
Created by:
jcorona83