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Midterm
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Hematopoiesis → | Production of all blood cells |
| Formed elements → | RBCs, WBCs, platelets |
| Percentage of formed elements → | 45% |
| Percentage of plasma → | 55% |
| Plasma protein with greatest osmotic effect → | Albumin |
| Low plasma protein causes → | Edema |
| Plasma vs serum → | Serum = plasma minus clotting factors |
| Scientific name for RBC → | Erythrocyte |
| Shape of RBC → | Biconcave disc |
| RBC nucleus status → | None when mature |
| RBC lifespan → | 120 days |
| Main RBC function → | Transport O₂ and CO₂ |
| Iron location in hemoglobin → | Heme portion |
| Vitamin needed for RBC DNA synthesis → | Vitamin B12 |
| Factor required to absorb vitamin B12 → | Intrinsic factor |
| Kidney hormone that increases RBC production → | Erythropoietin |
| Trigger for erythropoietin release → | Hypoxia |
| Cyanosis cause → | High levels of deoxyhemoglobin |
| Myeloid stem cells produce → | RBCs, platelets, all WBCs except lymphocytes |
| Granulocytes → | Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| Agranulocytes → | Lymphocytes, monocytes |
| Most abundant WBC → | Neutrophil |
| Least abundant WBC → | Basophil |
| Neutrophils increase with → | Bacterial infection |
| Eosinophils increase with → | Allergies and parasites |
| Basophils release → | Histamine |
| Monocyte function → | Phagocytosis |
| Monocyte becomes → | Macrophage |
| Lymphocyte types → | B cells and T cells |
| Platelets other name → | Thrombocytes |
| Platelet origin cell → | Megakaryocyte |
| Platelet function → | Reduce blood loss and help clotting |
| Thrombocytopenia → | Low platelet count |
| Thrombocytosis → | High platelet count |
| Chemotaxis → | Chemical attraction of WBCs |
| Diapedesis → | WBC movement through vessel walls |
| Leukemia → | Cancer of blood-forming tissues |
| Hematocrit → | Percent of RBCs in whole blood |
| Sickle cell disease defect → | Abnormal hemoglobin |
| Thalassemia → | Hemoglobin deficiency due to defective gene |
| Aplastic anemia → | Bone marrow destruction causing pancytopenia |
| Hemolytic anemia → | RBC destruction |
| Pernicious anemia → | Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia |
| 3 steps of hemostasis → | Vascular spasm, platelet plug, coagulation |
| Critical clotting conversion → | Prothrombin → Thrombin |
| Final clot protein → | Fibrin |
| Plasmin function → | Breaks down fibrin |
| Thrombus → | Abnormal clot in a vessel |
| Embolus → | Traveling clot |
| Universal donor → | O negative |
| Universal recipient → | AB positive |
| Rh antigen name → | D antigen |
| HDN medical name → | Erythroblastosis fetalis |
| Prevention of Rh sensitization → | RhoGAM |
| Thymus function → | T-cell maturation |
| Thymus location → | Mediastinum behind sternum |
| Spleen pulp types → | Red and white |
| Inguinal nodes drain → | Lower limbs and genital region |
| Adenoids other name → | Pharyngeal tonsils |
| Innate immunity → | Nonspecific defense |
| Adaptive immunity → | Specific, memory-based defense |
| B cells produce → | Antibodies |
| Memory B cells role → | Long-term protection |
| Plasma cells role → | Secrete antibodies |
| Interferon blocks → | Viral replication |
| Antigen-presenting cells → | Macrophages |
| Active immunity → | Body makes antibodies |
| Passive immunity → | Antibodies acquired externally |
| Artificial active immunity → | Vaccination |
| Natural passive immunity → | Placenta or breast milk |
| Alimentary canal → | Mouth to anus |
| Omentum → | Fatty membrane draped over intestines |
| Epiglottis → | Covers larynx during swallowing |
| Bolus → | Food mixed with saliva |
| Main digestive functions → | Digestion and absorption |
| Parasympathetic effect → | Increases digestion |
| Stomach regions → | Cardia, fundus, body, pylorus |
| Pyloric sphincter → | Valve to duodenum |
| Small intestine order → | Duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| Primary teeth count → | 20 |
| Permanent teeth count → | 32 |
| Tooth enamel composition → | Calcium salts |
| Pancreatic acinar cells secrete → | Pancreatic juice |
| Gallbladder stores → | Bile |
| Bile function → | Fat digestion and vitamin absorption |
| Amylase digests → | Carbohydrates |
| Lipase digests → | Fats |
| Pepsin digests → | Proteins |
| HCl converts → | Pepsinogen to pepsin |
| Secretin stimulates → | Pancreatic juice release |
| Cholecystokinin regulates → | Pancreatic digestive enzymes |
| Alimentary canal layer order (inner→outer) → | Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa |
| Respiratory main functions → | O₂ delivery, CO₂ removal, pH balance |
| Conchae function → | Stir and warm inhaled air |
| Alveoli tissue type → | Simple squamous epithelium |
| Alveoli function → | Gas exchange |
| Larynx other name → | Voice box |
| Glottis → | Space between vocal cords |
| Trachea cartilage shape → | C-shaped rings |
| Right lung lobes → | 3 |
| Left lung lobes → | 2 |
| Type II cells secrete → | Surfactant |
| Inspiration is → | Active |
| Expiration is → | Passive |
| Boyle’s Law → | Pressure inversely proportional to volume |
| Tidal volume → | Normal quiet breathing volume |
| Vital capacity → | Max exhale after max inhale |
| CO toxicity → | Competes with oxygen for hemoglobin |
| Respiratory control center → | Medulla oblongata |
| Peripheral chemoreceptors detect → | Low oxygen |
| Hyperventilation effect → | Low CO₂, high pH |
| Pneumothorax → | Collapsed lung |
| RDS cause → | Lack of surfactant in premature infants |
Created by:
jcorona83