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BIO 101 - TEST 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Differentiation / specialization | cells are different and have a special job, things change to become certain types of cells |
| cell membrane | outer protection of cell, made up of phospholipids |
| cytoplasm | fluid on inside of cell |
| endoplasmic reticulum | membrane-bound flattened sacs and vessicles, functions as transport network |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | contains ribosomes and functions in protein synthesis |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | does not contain ribosomes |
| ribosome | synthesize proteins |
| golgi apparatus | Packages protein molecules for transport and secretion |
| mitochodrion | - powerhouse of cell, produces energy in the form of ATP, double membraned, has its own DNA - elongated fluid sacs |
| lysosome | - breaks down materials body doesn't need or are foreign - digestive sac |
| peroxisome | - breakdown of fatty acids - membraneous sacs similar to lysosome (contains different set of enzymes than lysosomes) |
| cytoskeleton | - microfilaments - used in cell movement - microtubules - used for cell division |
| centrosome (centriole) | made of microtubules |
| cilia | small hairs, mobile extensions of cell |
| flagellum | whip-like tail |
| vacuole | storage center for food, water, ions |
| nucleas | contains genetic information, "brain" of cell |
| nuclear envelope/membrane | outer protection of nucleas |
| nucleolus | middle dense portion of nucleas, where ribosome parts are manufactured |
| Chromatin | loosely coiled, fibers composed of protein and DNA |
| Chromosomes | tightly packed DNA |
| Diffusion | movement of materials in/out of cell |
| facilitated diffusion | uses protein channels to move things in and out |
| active transport vs. passive transport (re: diffusion) | active - uses a lot of energy passive - uses very little energy |
| filtration (re: diffusion) | allows certain things to move in or out |
| pumps (re: diffusion) | Two things that work opposite of each other where one thing goes out, the other comes in |
| osmosis | form of diffusion but ONLY for water, water always wants to balance concentrations |
| tonicity (re: osmosis) | how much solute is outside of cell |
| hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic (re: diffusion) | higher solute level than cell, lower solute level than cell, same solute level as cell |
| exocytosis | moving things out of cell |
| endocytosis | moving things into cell |
| pinocytosis | bringing in liquids to cells |
| mitosis | asexual cell division |
| cancer | uncontrolled mitosis in a location |
| prophase (re: mitosis) | nuclear envelope starts to break down, you can see chromosomes |
| prometaphase (re: mitosis) | centrioles are at poles, paired chromosomes move towards equator |
| metaphase (re: mitosis) | chromosomes are AT equator |
| anaphase (re: mitosis) | chromosomes start to split apart and move to poles |
| telophase (re: mitosis) | chromosomes have moved to poles and start to form new nuclei |
| cytokinesis (re: mitosis) | when cells split into two daughter cells using cleavage furrow |
| stem cells (totipotent) | can make every type of cell possible |
| progenitor cells (pluripotent) | can make MOST cells, but not all |
| apoptosis | programmed cell death ( by choice), cell has aged and is lacking in efficiency |
| necrosis | cell death due to injury, toxins, lack of blood supply |
| metabolism | the process by which the body converts food and drink into energy |
| catabolism (re: metabolism) | larger molecules are broken down or decomposed into smaller ones |
| hydrolysis (re: metabolism) | breaking down of a disaccharide into to monosaccharides |
| anabolism (re: metabolism) | small to large molecules |
| dehydration synthesis (re: metabolism -> anabolism) | removing water molecule to create something new |
| enzymatic control | catalyst enzyme - specialized protein that breaks down or combines one specific molecule, called its substrate. |
| metabolic pathways (re: enzymes) | multiple steps and multiple enzymes |
| cofactor (re: enzymes) | enzyme working w/ something else that's a non-enzyme |
| coenzyme (re: enzymes) | enzymes or enzymes + protein working together |
| denaturation (re: enzymes) | enzyme can be broken down, but not necessarily when you want it to |
| chemical energy | if you have it, you have the ability to do work |
| cellular respiration (ATP) | ability for cell to make energy |
| glycolysis (re: cell respiration) | breakdown of sugar, happens outside of mitochondria -1 glucose -> 2 pyruvic acids |
| citric acid cycle (re: cell respiration) | central metabolic pathway that oxidizes acetyl-CoA to produce energy in the form of ATP, aerobic |
| fermentation (re: cell respiration) | anaerobic, happens in muscles, lactic acid, no oxygen in muscle cytoplasm |
| genome | total genetic information we carry |
| exome | part of the DNA that codes for proteins |
| DNA | molecule that carries the genetic instructions for the development, functioning, and reproduction of all known organisms |
| replication (re: DNA) | multiple enzymes, opens double helix, matches new nucleotides together, A-T, C-G |
| RNA | goes into nucleas, makes copy of DNA (one side), takes copy and chops out what it doesn't need, takes that and heads to ribosome |
| RNA transcription | the process of creating a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule from a DNA template |
| exons, introns | expressed regions of which we all have the same ones, expressed regions of which we all have different ones |
| translation (protein synthesis) | DNA leaves and heads to nucleas at the ribosome, tRNA (transfer RNA) carries amino acids |
| phagocytosis | bringing solids into cell |
| receptor-mediated (re: endocytosis) | can only come in if it matches receptor |
| electron transport chain | oxidated phosphorization, most ATP formed here |
| ETC and citric acid cycle vs. fermentation | Citric acid cycle and ETC are parts of aerobic respiration and produce large amounts of ATP while fermentation is anaerobic and produces low amounts of ATP |
Created by:
user-1998695