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Stack #4570828
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| tHe brainstem is composed of 3 parts | Midbrain, pons, medulla oblonga |
| The inferior portion of the brainstem, the medulla is | is continuous nervous tissue with the spinal cord. (foramen magnum) |
| The cerebellum is the most | inferior and posterior brain parts |
| Brain stem acts as a conduit | for the continuting tract |
| Anteriorly located, contains predominantly motor structures although some sensory tracts; cerebral peduncles. | basilar |
| Posteriorly located to basilar, contains sensory nuclei/tracts, reticular formation, and cranial nerve nuclei, involved in adjusting general level of neural activity, integrating sensory information and cranial nerve functions. | tegmentum |
| Posterior to tegmentum in midbrain, regulates eye and auditory reflexes and reflexive head movements. | tectum |
| integrates sensory and cortical input | lateral zone |
| regulates vital functions, somatic motor activity and attention | medial zone |
| adjusts transmission of pain info, somatic motor activity, and consciousness levels | midline zone |
| It regulates the passage of ascending/ descending information by releasing chemical signals | reticular nuclei |
| Ventral Tegmental Area/Nucleus (lateral zone) | dopeamine |
| Pedunculopontine Nucleus (lateral zone) | achtecholine |
| Locus Ceruleus/ Cerulean nucleus (lateral zone): | noepinephrine |
| Medial Reticular Zone | epinephrine/noepenephrine |
| Raphe Nuclei (midline zone): | serotinin |
| ontrol of eye and head movements, coordinates swallowing, and helps regulate cardiovascular, respiratory and other visceral activity | the medulla |
| Anteriorly, the medulla has two vertical ridges called | pyramids |
| Pons does what | Processes motor information from the cerebral cortex & forwards it to cerebellum |
| Midbrain: (superior part) Relay station for visual | relay station for visual, and auditory information and controls body movements |
| Outer Cortical Region is | Gray matter consisting of three cortical layers: |
| Outer layer/ Molecular layer | Purkinje cell dendrites |
| Middle layer/ Purkinje cell layer | Purkinje Cell Bodies |
| Inner layer/ Granular layer | Granule cells and golgi cells |
| Deeply situated within the cortex; consists of cerebellar nuclei, receive input from purkinje cells | inner corticle layer |
| Vestibulocerebellum (flocculonodular lobe) does what | balance and spatial orientation |
| Spinocerebellum (Vermal and Paravermal) | Vermal hemisphere: Processes auditory and vestibular information for posture Paravermal hemisphere: Gross limb movements |
| Cerebrocerebellum (lateral hemispheres | Controls Distal, fine and voluntary movements. |
| difficulty in swallowing; affecting the pharynx, gag reflex cranial nerve | Dysphagia |
| difficulty in speaking; speech disorder can cause slurred or abnormal articulation; affects the ability to form words | Dysarthria |
| eye movement disorder causing double images; 3 cranial nerves originate on the brainstem and deal with eye movement via ocular muscles | diplopia |
| inability to determine distance of movements; affects reaching for objects or stepping; over or under estimate where an object to pickup is located; | Dysmetria |
| imbalance and loss of coordination of movement; failure of muscle control; can result in stumbling, balance issues, slurred speech, falling | ataxia |
| Dysarthria: | motor problem with speech; neurological damage that cause speech disorders due to muscle weakness |
| Dysmetria: | inability to determine distance of movements; affects reaching for objects or stepping; over or under estimate where an object is located |
| Most pyramidal cells are output cells from the | cerebral cortex |
| Axons travel through white matter as | projection, commissural, or association fibers |
| fusiform cells are | Spindle shaped output cells of cerebral cortex, projecting mainly to the thalamus |
| setllate/ Granule Cells | Small neurons remain within the cortex, and serve as interneurons |
| Projection Fibers: Extend from subcortical structures to the cerebral cortex and from the | cerebral cortex to the thalamus, basal nuclei, brainstem and spinal cord. Run vertically |
| Commissural Fibers: Connect homologous areas of the | cerebral hemispheres; |
| surgical procedures to cut through the corpus callosum and disconnect the cerebral hemisphere. | Callosotomy |
| Connect cortical regions within one hemisphere. | association fibers |
| Basal nuclei | clusters of neuron cell bodies that along with the cerebellum fine tune and provide control for voluntary movements |
| Basal nuclei: regulate sequencing of movement... | muscle tone, muscle force, and intensitiy |
| Output from the basal nuclei, particularly the globus pallidus and substantia nigra, influence | muscle movements |
| Basal Nuclei include the following five clusters of nuclei (gray matter): | -Caudate nucleus, Putamen, Globus pallidus, Subthalamic nucleus, Substantia nigra |
| The basal nuclei are separated by the | internal capsule |
| some parts of the limbic system | hypothalamus and limbic cortex (cingulate gyrus), hippocampus, and amygdala) |
| Nuclei part of limbic system; interprets facial expressions, body language and social signals and is essential for social behavior. Also, it helps regulate emotional behavior and motivation. | amygdala |
| C”-shaped structure circling around the thalamus and diencephalon; Along with the amygdala, memory processing and storage; retrieval of memories and information | hippocampus |
| Refers to recollections that can be easily verbalized (facts, events, concepts, locations); | declarative |
| Remembering feelings; memory for fear involves amygdala and structures unknown to other emotions | emotional |
| Refers to recall of skills and habits (running, swimming) also called unconscious or implicit memory. | Procedural |
| through testing, injury, loss of function, a generalized mapping (Brodman’s areas) of the cerebral cortex has emerged; overlapping functions exist | cerebral cortex mapping |
| somatosensory | discriminates shape, size, and texture of objects |
| vestibular | head position for movement and balance |
| Agnosia - inability to recognize | objects when using a specific sense, even though discriminative ability with that sense is intact |
| Astereognosis: | inability to identify object by touch or manipulation |
| inability to identify objects in contralateral visual field. | visual agnosia |
| Inability to recognize sound | auditory agnosia |
| the prefrontal lobe is incharge of | goal oriented behavior, self awareness, and concequences |
| Parietotemporal | sensory integration, problem solving, understanding language/ language comprehension |
| language comprehensior is impaired | Wernicke’s aphasia |
| individuals who know "what they want to say, they just cannot get it out.“; brain injury or stroke | Broca’s aphasia |
| Uncontrollable repetition of movement, generally in geriatric patients | motor preservation |
| inability to plan and execute movements and tasks previously known; strokes, tumors | apraxia |
| premotor area is in charge of | trunk and girdle muscles |
| primary motor cortex | voluntary controlled movements |
| iniciation of movement, orientation planning, bimanual and sequential movements | supplementary motor area |
Created by:
ecoesfeldd