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chapter 11 psych
important terms
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| personality | Long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways. The pattern of enduring characteristics that differentiate people-those behaviors that make each of us unique. |
| psychoanalytic theory | Freud’s theory that our behavior is triggered by forces within personality of which we are not aware. |
| unconscious | Part of the personality that contains memories, knowledge, beliefs, feelings, urges, drives and instincts of which we are not aware of. Motivates much of our behavior. |
| ID | Raw, unorganized, inborn part of the personality. Holds primitive drives. Pleasure principle, immediate reduction of tension and the maximization of satisfaction. |
| ego | Strives to balance the desires of the id and the realities of the objective, outside world. |
| reality principle | instinctual energy is restrained in order to maintain the safety of the individual and help integrate the person into society. |
| super ego | Represents the rights and wrongs of society as taught and modeled by a person's parents, teachers, and other significant individuals Includes “conscience”: prevents us from behaving in a morally improper way |
| ego-ideal | represents the “perfect-person” we wish we were. |
| defense mechanisms | Unconscious strategies that people use to reduce anxiety by concealing the source from themselves and others (eg…repression) |
| jung's collective uncosicous | A set of influences we inherit from our own relatives, the whole human race, and even nonhuman animal ancestors from the distant past |
| alder's inferiority complex | Situations in which adults have not been able to overcome the feelings of inferiority that they developed as children. |
| trait theory | Seeks to explain, in a straightforward way, the consistencies of in individuals behavior |
| traits | consistent personality characteristics and behaviors that displayed in different situations |
| cardinal trait | A single characteristic that directs most of a person's activities |
| central trait | The major characteristics of an individual. |
| secondary trait | - Characteristics that affect behavior in fewer situations and are less influential than central or cardinal traits. |
| factor analysis | A method of summarizing the relationships among a large number of variables into fewer, more general patterns. Factors: Combination of Traits |
| source traits | Represent the basic dimensions of personality |
| hans Eysenck | Extraversion, neuroticism & psychoticism |
| BF Skinner behaviorist approach | States that personality is a collection of learned behavior patterns |
| social cognitive approaches | Emphasizes the influence of a person's cognitions- thoughts, feelings, expectations, and values- in determining personality. |
| self efficiency | Belief in one’s personal capabilities |
| self esteem | Component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative evaluations |
| unconditional positive regard | An attitude of acceptance and respect on the part of an observer, no matter what a person says or does |
| self actualization | a state of self-fulfilment in which people realize their highest potential. |
| psychological test | a test in which a person is shown an ambiguous stimulus and asked to describe it or tell a story about it. Rorschach Test TAT ( Thematic Apperception Test) |
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