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Ecology Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Describe the sizes of the different soil particles. | Sand is the largest. Clay is the smallest. Silt is in the middle. |
| Why does soil form different layers when mixed with water? | Because heavier particles like sand sink quickly and lighter particles like clay stay suspended in the water for a while. |
| How do you find soil type using the height of each layer? | Divide each layer by the total of all the layers to get a %. Then use the triangle chart to find where all three % values meet. |
| What do you call an even mixture of sand, silt, and clay? | Loam |
| Describe a few features of sandy soil. | Low nutrient levels.. Loses moisture easily. Feels gritty. Resists erosion. |
| Describe a few features of silty soil. | Medium nutrient levels.. Moderate moisture. Feels smooth. Prone to erosion. |
| Describe a few features of clay soil. | High nutrient levels. High moisture. Feels sticky. Erodes easily. |
| List a few roles of Nitrogen (N) in soil. | Growth. Producing new leaves. Building proteins and chlorophyll. Without it, plants are stunted and yellow. |
| List a few roles of Potassium (K) in soil. | Hardiness. Resistance to cold and disease. Development of stems and roots. Without it, plants are weak and brown. |
| List a few roles of Phosphorus (P) in the soil. | Fruit and Flowers. It is used to make DNA in seeds. Without it, plants don't flower much and are stunted. |
| Describe the pH scale. | 7 is neutral. 1-6 is acidic. 8-14 is basic. |
| Describe how soil pH affects plants. | Acidic soil makes it difficult for plant roots to absorb most nutrients from the soil. Neutral soil (ph 7) is best for most plants. |
| Explain how sand, silt, and clay are usually distributed on a hillside. | Sand is usually on top of the hill. Silt and clay get carried by rainwater down towards the bottom of the hill. |
| What soil types did we find in a few areas around NCS? | Sandy soil on the moraine hill (Bert and Emma). Silty soil in the swampy area near Rt 1 (Gabe and Jud). Clay soil in the muddy pond (Brooklyn and Michaela) |
| Name a few plants that prefer dry sandy soil. | Pines, beeches and oaks |
| Name a few plants that prefer wet silty or clay soil. | Ferns, maples, and birches |
| Define population density. | The number of a particular animal in a unit of area. For example, 5 deer per square mile. |
| Why is the population density of deer in Maine lower than other parts of the US? | Maine's winters are harsh and have limited food supply. Maine has more forest than farmland. |
| Define birthrate. | The number of a particular animal that is born in a unit of time. For example, the average woman has 2 children in 20 years. |
| Describe 2 animals that have high birth rates. | A female mouse has hundreds of babies in a year. A female frog lays thousands of eggs each year. |
| Describe 2 animals that have low birth rates. | Eagles only lay 1-2 eggs a year. Black bears have 1-2 cubes every other year. |
| Describe exponential growth. | When a population grows at an increasing rate. The population doubles and continues to double in a specific time. |
| What shape does a graph of exponential growth have? | It starts off flat and then gets steeper over time. It looks like a "J" |
| Under what conditions do animals grow exponentially? | When there is unlimited food, water, and habitat. And when there are no predators that limit them. |
| If a population of 8 rabbits doubles every year, list the number of rabbits for the next 7 years. | 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512, 1024. |
| List several common limiting factors for animals in the wild. | Lack of food, lack of water, competition for mates, disease, predators, and extreme cold in winter. |
| Name 2 limiting factors that have an effect mostly when the population is very high. | Disease and competition for food. |
| Name 2 limiting factors that have an effect even when the population is very low. | Natural disasters like drought, pollution, or exrteme temperatures. |
| Describe logistic growth. | When a population grows rapidly and then levels off. |
| Why do most animal populations show logistic growth? | Because a limiting factor prevents the population from growing beyond a certain level. |
| What determines the carrying capacity for small birds like chickadees in the woods around. NCS? | The limiting factors in that area, like water, food, and nesting availability. |
| What is causing so many frog species to go extinct in the last 50 years? | The chytrid fungus breaks down their skin. |
| How are scientists trying to prevent these frog extinctions? | It's impossible to control chytrid in the wild, so they are trying to breed frogs that are resistant to the fungus. |
| Describe 3 symptoms of Lyme disease. | Circular rash around the bite, joint pain in knees, fatigue. |
| Describe how Lyme disease is transmitted. | A bacteria in the saliva of a deer tick. The ticks get the bacteria from the blood of infected mice and other small animals. |
| How is Lyme disease treated? | With strong antibiotics like doxycycline. |
| Describe 3 important factos that affect increase Lyme disease rates in an area. | High humidity, lots of mice and deer, not too hot or cold. These are the most important but you can mention others. |
| Describe 3 ways to limit Lyme disease in an area. | Chemical sprays for ticks, cut back vegetation like Japanese barberry, decrease mouse populations. |
Created by:
buchwalder