Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
(10)
(10)Drinking Water Distribution and Treatment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Recommended Standards for Water Works | Provides policies and guidance for the review and approval of plans and specifications for public drinking water supplies in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, New York, Ohio, Ontario, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. |
| Recommended Standards for Water Works | Provides minimal quantitative standards; it is a guidance document, not a set of regulations. |
| Recommended Standards for Water Works | Does not contain drinking water standards for contaminants. |
| Surface Water Intake Screening | Intake structures are designed to screen out fish and debris, minimize turbidity, and accommodate fluctuating water levels. |
| Surface Water Micro-Screening | Some surface water sources have excess suspended organic matter and require mechanical screening. If turbidity is excessive, presedimentation may be necessary. |
| Groundwater Well Filter Pack Filtration | In groundwater sources, serves as initial filtration of suspended particles in raw water |
| Coagulation and Rapid Mixing | Suspended particles typically have a negative charge and causes them to repel each other and remain in suspension. |
| Coagulant | A chemical agent that neutralizes the charge and enables suspended particles to agglomerate. |
| Flocculant | A chemical agent that encourages the agglomeration of suspended particles into clumps |
| Sedimentation | Following coagulation and flocculation, suspended floc particles are allowed to settle out by gravity |
| Filtration | Following sedimentation, water undergoes this to remove suspended particles not removed in prior treatment processes or to remove dissolved contaminants. |
| Disinfection | A required treatment process to kill any remaining microorganisms prior to distribution of drinking water |
| Average Daily Demand (ADD) | Is the average amount of water consumed by a community over a 24-hour period under normal conditions. |
| Peak Daily Demand (PDD) | Represents the highest water usage on a single day during the year, often occurring in summer months when outdoor water use increases significantly |
| Firefighting Demand | Represents a significant portion of the system's design considerations. |
| Factor that Influences Water Demand | Population Size and Growth |
| Factor that Influences Water Demand | Land Use and Development |
| Factor that Influences Water Demand | Climatic Conditions |
| Factor that Influences Water Demand | Local Water Usage Patterns |
| Per Capita Demand | Represents the average daily water consumption per person, measured in gallons per day per person |
| Impoundment | An enclosed body of water such as reservoir or pond |
| Clarification | Refers to water treatment processes that are designed to remove suspended particles and oils |
| Clarifier | Pond or tank that holds settling particles |
| Dissolved Air Flotation | Process used to treat industrial wastewater from facilities such as oil refineries and petrochemical plants |
| Dissolved Nitrogen Flotation | Is used in oil refineries where there is a risk of volatilizing hydrocarbons and creating an explosive atmosphere |
| Terminal Settling Velocity | The constant speed reached by a particle falling through a fluid under the influence of gravity, balanced by drag forces and buoyant forces. |
| Coagulant | A chemical agent that neutralizes the surface charge and enables suspended particles to agglomerate |
| Flocculant | A chemical agent that promotes the agglomeration of suspended particles into larger clumps |
| Rapid Mix Tank (Flash Mix Tank) | A specialized tank where a chemical amendment such as a coagulant or pH adjustment is introduced, and a mechanical mixing device agitates the contents aggressively to achieve complete homogenization of the amendment and untreated water. |
| Impeller Mixer | A type of mechanical mixing device commonly used in a rapid mix tank |
| Reel-and-Paddle Mixer | A mechanical mixing device that is commonly used in the flocculation process to achieve gentle mixing. |
| Monosized Media | Filter media of a single type or size, such as a sand filter, which is made up only of sand. |
| Membrane Filtration | Category of water filtration in which feedwater is passed through a semipermeable membrane |
| Permeate | Feedwater that passes through membrane filtration |
| Concentrate | When backwash has a high concentration of suspended solids |
| Pressure Dependent Range | Range of values for flux in which the overall flux increases as the pressure does - that is, the range of flux values in which applying additional pressure will improve the flux |
| Range of Values for Flux | The volume of permeate that passes through a cross sectional unit area of membrane per unit time. |
| Optimal Flux | The value of flux at which increased pressure causes minimal or no change in the flux |
| Mesh Filtration | A category of suspended particle filtration in which feedwater is passed through a mesh in the form of a bag filter or cartridge filter. |
| Filtrate | The water that passes through the mesh |
| Activated Carbon Adsorption | A filtration system process that is distinct from media, mesh, and membrane filtration processes. |
| Equilibrium Loading | Is the saturation point where no further treatment can occur. |
| Thermal Activation | Creates carbon granules with extremely high surface area pitted with pores that trap target contaminants |
| Thermal Regeneration | Using granular activated carbon in water treatment because it can be recycled for reuse by removing adsorbed contaminants |
| Sorption Zone | Represents the region within a filter bed were the adsorption of containments occurs |
| Influent Zone | The point in the filter bed where the sorption zone begins |
| Breakthrough Point | The point where the sorption zone ends. |
| Advanced Oxidation Processes | Use ultraviolet light plus an oxidant (e.g., ozone or hydrogen peroxide) to create highly reactive hydroxyl radicals |
| Chloramines | Combined Chlorine: begins to combine with ammonia and other nitrogen compounds |
| Breakpoint | When the chlorine dose increases (to about 7 mg/l), the combined chlorine residual reaches a minimum of about 1.5 mg/l. |
| Free Chlorine Residual | Further dosing past the breakpoint results in a direct, linear increase in uncombined chlorine residual |
| Total Chlorine Residual | The sum of free and combined chlorine residuals |
| Chlorine Contact Chamber | Is a tank where drinking is dosed with chlorine for disinfection prior to distribution |
| Contact Time | To allow the chlorine to contact and kill pathogens |
| Exposure Time | The amount of time the water is exposed to the UV light. |
| Hard Water | Water that is sourced from aquifers with high concentrations of dissolved minerals, primarily calcium and magnesium sulfates and chlorides. |
| Hardness | Refers to the presence of high concentrations of dissolved cations and anions in water |
| Carbonate Hardness | A type of hardness that measures the carbonate and biocarbonate anions in the water |
| Non-Permanent Hardness | Anions are precipitated by boiling |
| Noncarbonate Hardness | Refers to the cations and anions that remain after boiling, including calcium and magnesium sulfates |
| Total Hardness | The sum of carbonate and noncarbonate hardness |
| Water Softening | The removal of calcium, magnesium, and other minerals |
| Water Softening Treatment | Lime Softening |
| Water Softening Treatment | Ion-Exchange Resin |
| Water Softening Treatment | Reverse Osmosis |
| Alkalinity | Refers to the ability of water to neutralize acids. Absorb hydrogen ions without pH chnage. |
| Softener Hardness | Quantifies the remaining hardness in water after softening with sodium hydroxide |
| Air Stripping | Typically used at contaminated sites and is a proven remedial treatment for groundwater containing high concentrations of volatile organic compounds. |
| Gross Measures | Make no distinction between individual species (for example, suspended solids, alkalinity, hardness, and BOD) and are easily measured and interpreted. |
| Specific Measures | Quantify a single characteristic (for example, toxic compound, heavy meatal ion, and so on) |
| Sample Collection | To account for concentrations from different locations and selected depths and consider statistically valid sampling methods. |
| Representative Samples | To account for concentration changes with time and the impact of discharges into surface waters, sampling should be done over different periods |
| Preservation and Analysis | Analysis for other organic and inorganic chemicals requires preservation for hours to days. |
| Statistical Aspects | Numbers of samples and replications, sampling locations, and parameters analyzed should selected using statistical techniques |
| Interpretation of Results | Proper judgement must be exercised in the interpretation of results |
| Safe Drinking Water Act | Defines the term contaminant as any physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substance or matter in water |
| Acidity | Capacity of water to neutralize bases and is a measure of acids in water |
| Pathogenic Organisms | Some microorganisms with the potential to transmit disease |
| Viruses | Parasitic organisms that can only be seen with an electronic microscope |
| Fungi | Aerobic, multicellular, non-photosynthetic, heterotrophic, eukaryotic protists. |
| Algae | Autotrophic, photosynthetic organisms (photoautotrophs) and may be either unicellular or multicellular |
| Protozoa | Single celled animals that reproduce by binary fission (dividing in two) |
| Mollusks | They are aerobic chemoheterotrophs that feed on bacteria and algae |
| Most Probable Number (MPN) | The number of organisms per 100 mL and is a common way to express the density of organisms. |
| Stream Degradation | Refers to the lowering of a stream bed due to erosional processes |
| Dilution Purification | Concentrations are reduced as a result of mixing with a large body of water and simple dilution (though there is no treatment) |
| Physical Unit Operations | Where the change in water quality is brought about through the application of physical forces. |
| Chemical Unit Operations | Where removal or treatment of contaminants is brought about by the addition of chemicals or chemical reactions |
| Biological Unit Operations | Are not used in water treatment but are very important in wastewater treatment where removal of contaminants is brought about by biological means |
| Screens/Barracks | Removes leaves, sticks, fish, and other large debris |
| Optional Prechlorination | Most disease-causing organisms and control tase and odor causing substances |
| Chemical Coagulation | Causes very fine particles to clump together into larger particles (flocs) by mixing chemicals with raw water so that they can settle out and be removed |
| Coagulation/Flocculation | Gathers together fine, light particles to form larger ones (flocs) to aid the sedimentation and filtration processes |
| Sedimentation | Settles out larger suspended particles |
| Filtration | Filters out remaining suspended particles |
| Post-Chlorination | Kills disease-causing organisms and provides chlorine residual for the water distribution systems |
| Chemical Addition | Controls corrosion |
| Clear Well | Provides chlorine contact time for disinfection |
| Storage | For periods of high demand |
| Coagulation | Used in conjunction with flocculation, is a unit process consisting of the addition and mixing of a chemical reagent to destabilize the colloidal and fine solids that are suspended in water |
| Flocculation | Involves the slow stirring of water to promote agglomeration of the destabilized particles that are formed during the coagulation so that a heavy, rapidly settling floc can be formed. |
| Type I Sedimentation | Discrete Settling |
| Type II Sedimentation | Flocculent Settling |
| Type III Sedimentation | Hindered/Zone Settling |
| Type IV Sedimentation | Compression Settling |
| Backwashing | This is done to the filters when the head loss is too great, or the turbidity exceeds a set upper limit |
| Practical Limit | A final hardness of 40 mg/L as CaCO3 using the precipitation method |
| Resin | Which is a natural or synthetic long-chain chemical with a sodium ion attached |
| Chloramines | Formed when ammonia and chlorine are dosed, and react, under well controlled conditions |
| Chlorine Dioxide | Generated on demand usually by the reaction between sodium chlorite and hydrochloric acid or sodium chlorite and chlorine |
| Ozone | Very effective providing the inactivation of Giardia and Cryptosporidium with no residual byproducts |
| Grid Systems | Can supply water at any withdrawal point from at least two directions |
| Branching Systems | Have numerous terminals and dead ends |
| Operating Storage | The difference in volume between the pump on and pump off levels when the tank is normally being used, and the sources of supply pumps to the storage tank are off |
| Equalizing Storage | Is needed for when the source pump capacity is less than the peak system demands |
| Daily Fire Storage | The volume of water stored within the water system for the purpose of fighting fires |
| Dead Storage | Storage in tanks or reservoirs that cannot be drawn out or used beneficially because of piping elevations or low pressures |
| Storage Volume Dedicated to Contact Time | Is finished water stored in clear wells at water treatment plants sometimes used to meet the disinfection contact time. |
Created by:
user-1997879