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Race Relations Exam3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The tendency for individuals to associate with people they perceive to be like them, leading to segregated social life. | homophily |
| The fear of confirming a negative stereotype about one's group, which can lead to performing worse on academic tasks. | stereotype threat |
| The ideological movement championing self-determination, race pride, and separatism | ethnic nationalism |
| The sum total of one's knowledge of established cultural activities and practices; abundance of this encourages academic success and leads to the understanding of "the hidden curriculum" - unspoken values, socal/behavioral expectations | cultural capital |
| Art/media that reduces racial domination to interpersonal racism or depicts nonwhite people negatively. | racist aesthetic |
| The multiple ways people create and uphold social divisions that separate "us" from "them. | boundary work |
| The political action intended to address the unique interests of historically oppressed groups. | identity politics |
| The practice of sorting students into different academic paths that often reinforces racial inequality. | tracking |
| The lens through which nonwhite people are viewed as "Other" in art and media. | white gaze |
| Adopting a cultural product while giving credit and refusing to de-historicize its origin. | antiracist appropriation |
| The majority of religious congregations in the United States are currently racially and ethnically integrated | FICTION (FALSE): Only about one in ten is multiracial. Religious life remains one of the most segregated areas. |
| The Model Minority Myth is problematic because it is used to suggest that low achievement among other nonwhite groups is a cultural, rather than structural, flaw. | TRUTH (TRUE): It is marshaled to oppress and humiliate other nonwhite groups by creating a false comparison |
| The Antiracist Aesthetic often avoids confronting American racial history, focusing instead on correcting stereotypes without historical context | FICTION (FALSE): Its defining feature is that it forces the audience to confront American racial history honestly. |
| The racial education gap has shrunk at the postsecondary level (college) due to the widespread adoption of affirmative action policies nationwide. | FICTION (FALSE): The gap has actually increased at the postsecondary level, due to high tuition costs and debt. |
| Racialized economic inequality is the main factor limiting nonwhite participation in civil society. | TRUTH (TRUE): Lack of economic capital (time/money) restricts the ability to engage in civic activities. |
| explain the assimilationist goal of Indian Boarding Schools. What was the primary difference between their stated goal and the reality of their operations? | Stated Goal: Full immersion in Anglo-American culture/elimination of native culture. Teaching of marketable vocational skills, Promotion of Christianity Reality: Punishment/abuse for resistance; systematic destruction of native identity and language. |
| define the historic practice of Minstrelsy and explain its continued legacy in modern media regarding White control over nonwhite representation. | Definition: White performers using blackface to denigrate nonwhite people. Legacy: The persistence of White control over the writing, production, and distribution of nonwhite narratives/images, restricting their complexity. |
| Give a specific example of how the internet facilitates both Virtual Racism and Virtual Empowerment | Virtual Racism: Hate groups organizing or online harassment. Virtual Empowerment: Multiracial coalition building or digital activism. |
| What was the report that criticized Indian schools, leading to reform? | The Meriam Report (1929) |
| Why were blacks/African Americans completely excluded from getting an education? | If Black people were granted access to learning, it would be difficult to exploit them for cheap labor. If Black people were educated, White people would incur a symbolic cost. Poor White people knew education was “the great equalizer.” |
| T/F: Today, schools in many parts of the United States have become even more segregated than they were thirty years ago. Why? | True; Because Americans’ neighborhoods are segregated, schools remain separate and unequal even though legalized segregation no longer exists. |
| What Supreme Court case ended educational segregation? | Brown v. Board of Education (1954) |
| What amendment was educational segregatrion (separate but equal) found to violate? | 14th |
| Explain "Whiteness in the Curriculum" | Eurocentric accounts ignore how nonwhite groups contributed to the development of the United States. They depict America as a White nation and dull the sharp edge of past injustices. |
| What was the primary objective of Indian boarding schools at the beginning of the twentieth century? | to strip Native Americans of their culture and force them to assimilate to Anglo-American culture |
| _______ supported “industrial education” for Black Americans. _______ believed that Black education should be no different from White education. | Booker T. Washington; W. E. B. DuBois |
| _______ deployed the National Guard to aid the segregationists in keeping Black students out of Little Rock Central High. | Orval Faubus |
| Which racial/ethnic groups have the highest public high school dropout rate? | African Americans and Native Americans |
| The text offers four explanations for racial disparities in education. Which of the four explanations points to the effects of cultural capital? | the role of families |
| T/F: According to research cited in the text, the stereotype threat results in Black students performing worse on standardized tests than White students. | true |
| Which of the following is a true statement about affirmative action policies on college campuses? | On college campuses, “legacy” students far outnumber students who benefited from affirmative action. |
| T/F: College graduation rates have improved for every racial/ethnic group. | true |
| What does it mean to say that American curriculum is Eurocentric? What are some examples given in the text? Can you think of other examples from your own education? | Eurocentric accounts ignore how nonwhite groups contributed to the development of the United States. They depict America as a White nation and dull the sharp edge of past injustices. |
| What are some examples given in the text of American curriculum being Eurocentric? Can you think of other examples from your own education? | Lit classics written by White authors; Nonwhite characters racially marked; Nonwhite cultures are erotic; White cultures - normal; Feminism-movement led by White women; Doesn't consider how being a woman varies across racial and class lines |
| According to the text and your own experiences and observations, what are some of the stressful or uncomfortable situations faced specifically by students of color on college campuses? | Nonwhite st. often feel isolated and unwelcome on campus and in dorms; They sometimes receive differential treatment and may be given lower marks by instructors; They are confronted by racist jokes, remarks, Halloween costumes, and school mascots. |
| In what ways does the practice of tracking produce educational inequality? | Tracking is the practice of sorting students into different tracks, "according to their ability"; Asian/White students are disproportionately assigned to higher tracks; Black/Hispanic/Native American st. are disproportionately assigned to lower tracks. |
| Why is the myth of the “model minority” problematic even though it seems like a positive stereotype? | The stereotype of the model minority allows racial attributes to take precedence over personhood. The model minority stereotype is marshaled to oppress and humiliate other nonwhite groups. |
| T/F: Economic inequality and educational inequality are wound tightly together | true |
| T/F: Students with highly educated and wealthy parents are advantaged in the educational realm. | true |
| What are the benefits of a multi-cultural learning environment? | White/nonwhite students alike thrive in multicultural learning environments; improves st. academic & leadership skills, intellectual engagement, & motivation; prepares students to be engaged citizens and productive workers in a multicultural world. |
| T/F: Art was associated with the White, educated, leisure class | true |
| Art can reflect racial domination | white aesthetic |
| Art can support racial domination | racist aesthetic |
| Art can challenge racial domination | antiracist aesthetic |
| Tell me about the racist aesthetic | the racist aesthetic seeks to depict people of color in negative ways; it infantilizes, demonizes, and exoticizes. Where the White aesthetic ignores people of color, the racist aesthetic represents them—but never in their full humanity. |
| Tell me about the racist aesthetic (2) | Misrepresents people of color & the nature of racial domination; whitewashes history & replaces nonwhite heroes w/White ones. Pretends racial domination doesn't exist & we live in a racial utopia.; depicts racism as an interpersonal problem |
| forces its audience to confront American racial history honestly and courageously. It corrects distorted representations of nonwhite people and racial domination. | antiracist aesthetic |
| Which of the following statements is true of minstrel shows? | They made a mockery of Black Americans for the enjoyment of White audiences. |
| Which of the following statements is representative of the White aesthetic? | The White experience is seen as “normal.” |
| The paintings of Norman Rockwell and the TV show The Brady Bunch are examples of the | White aesthetic |
| Where the White aesthetic seeks to normalize Whiteness, the racist aesthetic | seeks to depict people of color in a negative light |
| Movies like Black Hawk Down, Django Unchained, The Matrix, The Help, and Avatar are all representative of which of the following themes? | racist aesthetic |
| Which of the following is an example of subversive art? James Luna’s The Artifact Piece the Lord of the Rings trilogy Jeff Dunham’s puppet characters the TV show Girls | a - James Luna's The Artifact Piece |
| T/F: Nonwhite people are overrepresented as performers in the entertainment industry, but underrepresented as writers and directors. | false |
| _______ occurs when members of one ethnic or racial group adopt a cultural product associated with another group. | Cultural appropriation |
| In what ways is the distinction between highbrow culture and lowbrow culture racialized? | Used as inclusion & exclusion. People don't like what they can't afford & claim you have to have a certain (unequally distributed) knowlege to appreciate highbrow culture.Rejection of lowbrow culture can be racist without expressly showing it. |
| The authors argue that “cultural appropriation . . . is not simply about who is doing the appropriating but how they are doing it.” What does this mean? | It isn't wrong just to borrow cultural elements from another group. It matters HOW they do it - respectful v. exploitative, acknoledgement of original culture v. erasure; unequal power dynamics or sterotypes? |
| How can we tell the difference between racist appropriation and antiracist appropriation? | RACIST: takes away from original creators & doesn't allow them to profit; nonwhites are "others"; history is rewritten from the white gaze perspective ANTIRACIST: refuses to deracialize/dehistoricize art form that inspires it;gives credit where it's due |
| T/F: Although it began as a voice of protest, many believe that rap has ceased to be a positive force. Why? | True; Rap often supports racial, masculine, and heterosexual domination. It depicts Black men as ultraviolent killers and Black women as at-your-service sexual objects. |
| T/F: After the fall of slavery, African Americans and other nonwhite citizens began to reach higher social and economic status. White people created the culture of segregation to counter Black success. | True |
| Who were the Little Rock Nine? | the first black children to integrate into a white school - Theydesegregated Llittle Rock Central High School with an armed military escort |
| T/F: Affirmative action gives preference to "unqualified" minority students, resulting in the rejection of whites | False; affirmative action has been helpful in minimizing gender and race-based exclusion |
| T/F: Segregation came to dominate all areas of life—including associational life. Many social clubs limited their membership to White men. | True |
| Some examples of associations that pushed for integration | National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Commission on Interracial Coalition Veterans of Foreign Wars American Legion United Mine Workers |
| T/F: A small but committed cadre of nonwhite people fought against racial integration | True; For these nonwhites, integration didn'tlead to liberation but to more oppression; believed segregation & complete independence from Whites to be the only answer; |
| Who founded UNIA (United Negro Improvement Association) and encouraged Black Americans to see themselves as African first? | Marcus Garvey |
| What organization said: “The purpose of our organization . . . is to bring about the complete independence of people of African descent, . . . to bring about the freedom of these people by any means necessary.” | Nation of Islam |
| Who was the famous figure associated with the Nation of Islam? | Malcom X |
| What were the failures and successes of Ethnic/Black Nationalism? | Failures: A separate Black nation never came to be. Racial integration became the widely desired goal. Successes: The movement struck a blow to symbolic violence. It nurtured pride in Blackness and in Black history and culture. |
| Who participates in civil society at higher rates: whites or nonwhites? Why? | Whites; Nonwhites have low rates of social trust. They are disillusioned with civil society. Racialized economic inequality is the main factor limiting nonwhite participation. |
| How can the immigrant experience erect barriers to civic participation | One factor is lack of English proficiency: it is harder to participate if communication is limited. Another factor is time of arrival: more recent immigrants tend to participate less. |
| T/F: Associational life today remains racially segregated. | True; People are more likely to associate regularly with those outside their class, religion, or education level than with people of different racial and ethnic groups. |
| refers to the multiple ways in which people create, uphold, and traverse social boundaries that separate familiar from unfamiliar, welcome from unwelcome, “us” from “them.” | boundary work |
| usually refers to discourse that, while designed to minimize offense to marginalized groups, ends up censoring certain speech or attitudes deemed off-limits. | political correctness |
| What is the digital divide? | Nonwhites less likely to own computers & have regular access to internet than Whites. Nonwhites at a disadvantage w/virtual learning in post-COVID-19 era. without equal access to knowledge & info, will be left behind bc knowledge is power. |
| T/F: Several studies have documented the prevalence of racism in cyber communities. | true; anonymous comments on social media; hate groups/speech |
| What are some ways the internet has given virtual empowerment to people? | Giving voice and fostering healthy debate Increasing political mobilization and participation across geographic distance Reconnecting diasporic communities Preserving Indigenous languages |
| T/F: ignorance and intolerance of differing religions are rampant in the U.S. | True: Mosques have been vandalized and Muslim Amearicans have become the targets of discrimination and prejudice. Although anti-Semitism has declined significantly in recent years, Jews continue to face discrimination and assaults. |
| T/F: Religious life is racialized to a high degree. Only one in ten American churches is multiracial. | True |
| The ideological movement that resisted cultural and social assimilation with White people and instead championed self-determination, race pride, and separatism is called | ethnic nationalism |
| Who among the following was a leader in the Black nationalist movement? Martin Luther King, Jr. Marcus Garvey Frederick Douglass Toni Morrison | Marcus Garvey |
| Which of the following groups has the highest rates of civic engagement? Black Americans Asian Americans Latinos White Americans | White Americans |
| Americans’ political attitudes and interests are becoming more polarized. true false | false |
| Which of the following is true about religious affiliation in America? One of the most religiously diverse countries in the world. 1/3of Americans identify as atheist or agnostic. One of the least religious nations . Majority identify as Christians. | Majority of Americans identify as Christians |
| Which of the following groups is most likely to experience religious discrimination in the United States? Muslims Christians Jews Mormons | Muslims |
| The majority of religious congregations in the United States are racially and ethnically integrated. racially and ethnically segregated. White dominated. led by people of color. | racially and ethnically segregated |
| What are some of the reasons why White people have higher rates of civic engagement than nonwhite people? | Nonwhite people have low rates of social trust. They are disillusioned with civil society. Racialized economic inequality is the main factor limiting nonwhite participation. For immigrants, it is harder to participate if communication is limited. |
| “For the first time in our history, Americans have to be fearful of what they say, write, and think. They have to be afraid of using the wrong word, a word denounced as offensive or insensitive, or racist, sexist, or homophobic.”—Bill Lind | see next slide |
| “In the quote above, who, exactly, does Lind have in mind when he references Americans who, for the first time in history, have to watch what they say? Explain. | White, male, heterosexual, politically conservative Americans. They are members of the historically dominant majority who have never had to watch what they say. |
| In what ways can the internet serve as a source of both virtual racism and virtual empowerment? | racism: internet has become recruiting tool for hate groups that try to attract young people' Anonymous comments .empowerment: Giving voice/fosteringhealthy debate; Increasing political mobilization/participation across distance |
| Indian Boarding Schools: Understand the initial assimilationist goals versus the reality | Inital assimilationist goals: (Anglicizing, eliminating native culture) ; reality: (abuse, resistance). |
| Model Minority Myth: Know why this stereotype is problematic | (it pressures Asian Americans and is used to pit minority groups against each other). |
| The Education Gap: Know the current trend | The education gap between whites and nonwhites is shrinking at the secondary (high school) level but increasing/widening at the postsecondary (college) level. |
| Curriculum: Understand what a Eurocentric curriculum is and how it marginalizes the contributions of nonwhite groups. | The Eurocentric view gives history from the POV of the white person; ignores how nonwhite groups contributed to the development of the US; depict America as a White nation and dull the sharp edge of past injustices. |
| Minstrelsy: Know that while the shows died out, the Minstrelsy concept (White control over nonwhite representation) is persistent | White people still controlled the levers of artistic production. - Nonwhite people are generally overrepresented as performers but underrepresented in positions of power (writers, directors, critics). |
| Antiracist Aesthetic: Know its primary goal | to confront American racial history honestly and correct distortions of domination. |
| ivil Society: Know the two main reasons for the participation disparity (White people participate at higher rates): | racialized economic inequality and low social trust/historical exclusion. |
| Religion: Know that religious life is highly racialized; | The vast majority of US churches are NOT multiracial |
| Identity Politics: Know the argument that identity politics is not tearing apart civil society | often, the fear of "PC culture" is a form of White identity politics. |
Created by:
aaswell