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(9) & (11)
(9) Surface Water and Groundwater Quality & (11) Wastewater Collection and Treat
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Stream Degradation | The deterioration of water quality in a stream due to the introduction of pollutants. |
| Oxygen Depletion | When pollutants are introduced into a stream, they can consume oxygen, leading to a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels. |
| Biochemical (Biological) Oxygen Demand (BOD) | Is a measure of the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms in the process of breaking down organic matter |
| Reaeration | The rate of oxygen replenishment which is affected by factors such as water temperature, turbulence, and the presence of aquatic plants |
| Volumetric Flow Rate | In a stream, varies by season and surges in response to precipitation events |
| Base Flow | The normal stream flow in tranquil periods between precipitation events. |
| Minimum Base Flow | Minimum flow required to sustain the ecosystems within a stream and to maintain water rights for downstream users |
| Minimum Ecological Base Flow | The minimum base flow needed to maintain the ecosystem of a watershed |
| Diluted Sample | A sample is added to the container, and resulting a total combined liquid volume. |
| Unseeded | When no bacteria are added to the dilution water |
| BOD Exertion | The oxygen consumed in the diluted sample, at some point in time, during the laboratory test. |
| Ultimate BOD | Is the total oxygen concentration consumed by the bacteria if the test is run for an extended period, measured in milligrams per liter. |
| Background Conditions (Undisturbed Conditions) | The dissolved oxygen concentration upstream of the wastewater effluent pipe. |
| Oxygen Sag Curve | The shape of the DO curve |
| Saturation Concentration | Given enough time, at equilibrium, the concentration of a gas in a liquid will reach a maximum |
| Oxygen Saturation Concentration | The maximum concentration of DO in water |
| Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) | Is a measure of the oxygen requirements for the chemical oxidation of the waste in a water sample. |
| Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) | A concept developed by the EPA as part of the enforcement of the Clean Water Act, which established the maximum pollutant loading to a waterway without negative impact for a specific pollutant. |
| Waste Load Allocations (WLA) | Existing and future point sources |
| Load Allocations (LA) | Existing and future nonpoint sources and natural background concentrations of a pollutant. |
| Nutrients | Are chemical and organic compounds that are found in fertilizers, manures, and organic wastes in agriculture and land management |
| Eutrophication | Is a process in which water bodies receive excess nutrients that stimulate excessive growth of plants such as algae, periphyton-attached algae, nuisance plants, and weeds. |
| Aerobic Decomposition | Requires oxygen |
| Anaerobic Decomposition | Does not require oxygen |
| Monod Kinetics | Can be used to model the growth of microorganisms |
| Monod Kinetics | Can be used to predict the rate of removal of biological and chemical contaminates from water |
| Denitrification | Chemolithotrophic bacteria, uses nitrates in the absence of oxygen to oxidize carbon |
| Anaerobic Digestion | Produces carbon dioxide, methane, and water as the major end products. |
| Pathogen | Any biological agent that causes disease or illness to its host |
| Algae | Are autotrophic organisms (photoautotrophs) and may be either unicellular or multicellular. |
| Bioconcentration | The amount of chemical that accumulates in an aquatic organism with respect to its environment |
| Bioaccumulation | The accumulation of contaminants in an organism because of exposure to or ingestion of the contaminant |
| Biomagnification | The cumulative increase in the concentration of a persistent substance in successively higher levels of the food chain |
| Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient | Can be used to directly calculate the concentration of a chemical that will partition into water and into organic materials, such as humic substances or aquatic life. |
| Soil-Water Partition Coefficient | Indicates the concentration of a given chemical that will accumulate in the water versus the soil |
| Organic Carbon Partition Coefficient | Indicates the concentration of a given chemical that will accumulate in the organic carbon portion of the soil versus the water. |
| Retardation Factor | Indicates the transport of a chemical by water or other solvent through a porous solid, such as a soil. |
| Acute | Refers to the concentration of a given chemical that will result in death |
| Chronic | Refers to concentrations that will result in health problems related to long-term exposure |
| Reference Dose | Is an estimate of daily exposure level to the chemical of concern |
| Chronic Daily Intake | Is an estimate of an individual's daily exposure to the chemical of concern over a lifetime that leads to specific adverse health affects such as cancer. |
| Inflow | Water discharged into a sewer system from sources such as roof downspouts, yard and area drains, parking area catch basins, curb inlets, sump pumps, and holes in manhole covers |
| Combined Systems | Convey both surface runoff and sanitary sewage in the same pipe |
| Separate Systems | Use different pipes to transport the sewage and the surface runoff |
| Centralized Systems | Are large-scale systems that gather wastewater from many users for treatment at one or a few sites |
| Decentralized Systems | Onsite systems dealing with wastewater from individual users (mainly industries) or small clusters of users at the neighborhood or small community level. |
| Conventional Gravity Sewers | Are designed with a slope toward a collection point, usually a lift station |
| Smoke Testing | Used to inspect sewer lines for broken pipes, manholes, and connections |
| Diurnal Flow Cycle | The high flows and low flows that occur at about the same time every day, affects detention and sampling times. |
| Wastewater Loading | Used to describe volumetric wastewater flows , wastewater solids, or organics entering the plant. |
| Blackwater | Human excreta (feces and urine), often mixed with used toilet paper or wipes |
| Point Sources | Are direct discharges of sewage, with or without adequate treatment |
| Nonpoint Sources | Are from stormwater drainage and runoff as a result of irrigation, construction sites, sanitary landfill leachate, and other land disturbances |
| Greywater | Water collected from flush toilets and washing water. |
| Primary Treatment | Once the raw wastewater passes through the grit chamber or bar screen |
| Secondary Treatment | Removes readily biodegradable organic matter that did not get removed in the primary treatment. |
| Anabolism | Cell synthesis |
| Catabolism | The energy derivation from oxidation |
| Metabolism | Anabolism + Catabolism |
| Activated Sludge Process | Involves the production of an activated mass of microorganisms capable of aerobically stabilizing the organic content of waste |
| Bacteria | Removes organic nutrients |
| Protozoa (Ciliates) | Remove and digest dispersed bacteria and suspended particles, which improves the clarity of the wastewater effluent |
| Metazoa (Rotifers) | Dominate longer-age systems (where the microbial growth is kept for long periods of time) including lagoons; although their contribution to the activated sludge treatment system is small, their presence indicates the health of the treatment plant |
| Filamentous Bacteria | Grow in long filaments and cause bulking sludge, poor settling, and turbid effluent |
| Algae and Fungi | Occur with pH problems and older sludge |
| Mixed Liquor | As microorganisms encounter wastewater, they feed and grow on the BOD in the wastewater |
| Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids | The solids in the activated sludge basin and are composed of an organic or volatile part and an inorganic or fixed part. |
| Secondary Sedimentation Basin | Wastewater from the aeration tank then flows over to this |
| Return Activated Sludge | Most of the stabilized solids are returned (pumped) or recycled to the activated sludge basin. These settled organisms that are pumped back and reused to treat more waste |
| Waste Activated Sludge | Sludge that is intentionally removed from the activated sludge process |
| Trickling Filter | Is an attached growth process that oxidizes the organic matter using microorganisms |
| Tertiary Treatment | Cases where secondary treatment is not adequate, particularly, if the discharges are into sensitive waterbodies |
| total Kjeldahl Nitrogen | The total organic and ammonia nitrogen |
| Nitrification | Is the oxidation of ammonia nitrogen to nitrate |
| Denitrification | Is the reduction of nitrate to nitrogen gas |
| Screenings | Consisting of larger solids and collected from coarse and fine aggregates are typically transported to an approved disposal site |
| Grit | Consists of inorganic solids collected from the grit chamber |
| Primary/Raw Sludge | The sludge from the bottom of the primary clarifiers. |
| Secondary Sludge | Consists of microorganisms from the biological process and inert material and is the byproduct of waste from the secondary treatment processes. |
| Tertiary Sludge | Depends on the method of tertiary treatment used |
| Liquid Residuals | Are liquid from sludge dewatering or thickening and grit washing and are typically sent back to wastewater treatment headworks |
| Aerobic Digestion | Is a continuation of an activated sludge process and requires oxygen. |
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