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Science AT4
Energy, Electricity and Resources
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Electricity | |
| Watts, Joules, Calories & KWH | |
| JOULES: the energy transferred when one watt of power is applied for 1 second ( small units of power) | |
| Too small to measure the household energy consumption | |
| Energy (KHW)= Power (kw) x Time (h) | |
| WATTS: a unit of measure for power | |
| Describes the rate at which electrical energy is used | |
| Power (w)=voltage (v) x Current (a) | |
| CALORIES & JOULES: both used to measure energy but joules are recognised as “Standard energy units” whereas calories are a historical unit commonly used in nutrition. | |
| KWH: Killawat hours, a unit of energy representing one thousand watt hours | |
| Simple Electric Circuits | |
| Electrons need a path to travel called “electric circuit” an electric circuit needs: | |
| “An energy source”: | |
| Eg. battery,powerpoint or generator | |
| Supplies wire with energy | |
| “An Energy user”: | |
| Eg. light bulb, heating element or motor | |
| These devices convert the energy that electrons are delivering to them | |
| “Wires to connect” | |
| Everything making the circuit complete | |
| Any break in an electric circuit stops the flow of electrons & stops them from delivering energy (switches) | |
| Parallel Circuit & Series Circuit | |
| Parallel Circuit | |
| Parallel circuits the lamps are just as bright and even adding extra lamps won't change the brightness. | |
| Parallel circuits allow each lamp to be switched off without affecting other lamps | |
| Even when more lights are added the brightness stays the same | |
| USES: home electrical wiring, computer hardware and automatic systems | |
| Why does electricity distribution use parallel circuits? | |
| Helps keep voltage steady for users | |
| Lets each device work independently | |
| SERIES CIRCUIT: | |
| The simplest circuit | |
| Only had two lamps so it is only half as bright as one lamp | |
| The more lights added to a series circuit the dimmer the lights become | |
| You can't turn off another lamp while the other stays on | |
| If one lamp fails the other lamp goes out | |
| USES: battery powered devices | |
| Safety systems | |
| Voltage dividers | |
| Circuit Symbols | |
| Ammeter measures the electric current | |
| Connected in series with a circuit element due to low resistance | |
| Voltmeter measures the voltage | |
| Connected in parallel across a circuit element due to high resistance | |
| Current Electricity | |
| The electricity you get from a battery or powerpoint is not static electricity | |
| Used to power devices by converting electrical energy into useful energy like light, heat or sound | |
| It is made up of electrons moving along a wire called an electric current | |
| These moving electrons are called “electrical energy” | |
| Electricity in a circuit: | |
| Current: The flow of electrical charges | |
| Voltage: Voltage is the force pushing electrons through a circuit | |
| Resistance: A force that counteracts the flow or current of electricity | |
| Static Electricity | |
| Current: The flow of electrical charges | |
| STATIC ELECTRICITY: When electrical charges build up on the surface of an insulator - the charge that builds up can not easily flow away, hence it is called STATIC electricity | |
| Most of the time, atoms have an equal number of positive and negative charges, meaning the atom is balanced and has no (neutral) overall charge | |
| Electrons don’t always stay attached and can sometimes be removed by rubbing | |
| Static charge can build up when two insulators rub against each other, eg. Hair and comb | |
| Friction between materials can result in electrons being transferred from one object to another | |
| One material ends up with a more positive charge (less electrons) | |
| One ends up with a more negative charge (more electrons) | |
| If two objects have the same overall charge, they repel each other | |
| Opposite charges attract | |
| CHARGE IMBALANCE: | |
| Charge imbalance occurs when loosely bound electrons leave an object, leaving the object with a positive charge, while the object with more electrons now has a negative charge | |
| NEUTRAL CHARGE EQUILIBRIUM: | |
| A neutral charge equilibrium is when a negatively charged object transfers its extra electrons to the object that most needs them, (positively charged object) | |
| Therefore, the objects now have a neutral charge | |
| STATIC BUILD UP: | |
| Static build up usually occurs when one object is an insulator | |
| Eg. when walking across a rug, the electrons from your body rub onto it, while the rug will resist losing its own electrons, creating static build up. | |
| Ways of more Efficient Electricity Transfer | |
| Using better materials | |
| Semi conductors | |
| Low -resistance material | |
| Advancing renewable energy technologies | |
| Improved solar panels to increase sunlight absorption | |
| Better energy storage | |
| More advanced | |
| Energy | |
| Electric Fields: | |
| Fields are areas where non-contact forces act | |
| The strength of a Force varies within a field | |
| If an object is close to the source of the field, it will be under a larger force than an object further away | |
| Magnetic Forces are non - contact | |
| Magnetic field lines show the direction of the magnetic force | |
| Non - contact forces act when the object is under the area of influence or field and has properties affected by that field. | |
| Types of Forces: | |
| Most Forces are Contact forces | |
| CONTACT FORCES: objects need to touch for one object to exert force on another | |
| Friction is a contact force | |
| NON- CONTACT FORCES: can act on an object without touching | |
| Non-contact forces can be gravitational, magnetic or electrostatic | |
| GRAVITATIONAL FORCES: | |
| The most common and affect all objects containing matter on the earth | |
| MAGNETIC FORCES: | |
| Affect any object made of certain metals, such as iron, nickel or cobalt | |
| ELECTROSTATIC FORCES: | |
| Affect any object that has an electrical charge, even weak charges | |
| Forms of Energy | |
| KINETIC ENERGY: Energy of movement | |
| The faster an object moves the more kinetic energy it has | |
| The amount of energy in a moving object depends on its MASS & SPEED | |
| A balling ball will have more kinetic energy than a tennis ball moving at the same speed | |
| HEAT ENERGY: can come from sun, flames,chemical reactions as well as humans and animals | |
| SOUND ENERGY: energy that air has when vibrating | |
| You interpret the vibrating as sounds | |
| LIGHT ENERGY: can come from sun, light globes, fires and glow worms | |
| ELECTRICAL ENERGY: produced by power stations, solar cells, batteries and lightning | |
| Potential Energy | |
| POTENTIAL ENERGY: energy stored in objects such as gravitational, chemical, elastic and Nuclear | |
| GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY: energy stored in an object when it is above ground | |
| The greater the height, the more gravitational potential energy an object has | |
| CHEMICAL POTENTIAL ENERGY: energy stored in substances | |
| This energy is released by your body when you digest food | |
| ELASTIC POTENTIAL ENERGY: energy stored in a stretched or squashed spring | |
| Eg. rubber bands and springs | |
| NUCLEAR POTENTIAL ENERGY: energy stored inside atoms that make up all matter | |
| Nuclear reactions produce heat and light | |
| Heat Transfer/ Density | |
| Heat can pass onto another object by three different ways: | |
| CONDUCTION: process where heat is transferred through a conductor | |
| Direct contact required between objects | |
| Occurs in solid (conductors such as metal) | |
| CONVECTION: heat transfer through movement of liquids and gases (circulating) | |
| Movement of heat through liquids and gases | |
| Warm fluids/gases rise and cold fluids sink | |
| Caused by the difference in their density | |
| RADIATION: Heat movement through electromagnetic waves (inferred) | |
| Heat movement through electromagnetic waves | |
| Can travel through a vacuum (eg. sunlight warming up the earth) | |
| Ultra Violet radiation is strong enough to harm living cells (mutate or alter) | |
| Infrared (not harmful) = heat radiation | |
| DENSITY: how much mass is in volume | |
| Density= mass divide by volume | |
| Density of water = 1g/ml | |
| Means 1g of water = 1ml of volume | |
| Transformation of Energy | |
| “The law of conservation of energy” states that: | |
| Energy can not be created nor destroyed | |
| Energy can only change its from (type) | |
| Eg. Chemical Energy ----> Kinetic Energy: | |
| A car engine converting fuel (petrol) into movement (kinetic) to move the car | |
| Eg. Electrical Energy ----> Light + Heat Energy: | |
| A light bulb turning on to light the room (light bulb slightly heats up) | |
| Electromagnets | |
| An electric current wire creates a magnetic field | |
| This field can be turned on and off with the current | |
| Coiling the wire & adding an iron core insert increases the strength of the electromagnet | |
| Magnets | |
| A magnetic needle points towards the magnetic south pole | |
| Electrostatic Forces & Lightening | |
| Clouds gain charges and become polarised | |
| Clouds are formed by water vapor rising through the air and condensing to liquid in cooler parts of the atmosphere | |
| Energy leaves a cloud as lightening | |
| The extra electrons in the negative part of the cloud can move quickly into the positive parts of the cloud | |
| A nearby cloud or even the ground is needed to balance the difference in charge | |
| The rapid movement of electrons releases energy as light, heat and electricity - lightening | |
| Lightening comes before the thunder cause light travels faster than sound | |
| Buildings can be protected from lightning strikes due to a lightening protection called "grounding" | |
| The bottom of a 3 pronged plug is called the “earth” which grounds any dangerous currents flowing from faulty devices | |
| Electricity is optimistic (takes easiest pathway) | |
| Copper is 2nd best conductor, silver is the best but to expensive | |
| Voltage is a pushing/moving force | |
| Electrons flow out of the negative | |
| Rocks & Resources | |
| Weathering & Erosion | |
| WEATHERING: the physical & chemical process that breaks rocks down | |
| TYPES OF WEATHERING | |
| Physical: | |
| Temperature change (causes expansion & contraction) | |
| Ice wedging (water freezing in cracks) | |
| Crystallisation of salts | |
| Abrasion (wind, water or ice wearing rocks away) | |
| Root wedging (plants roots grow into cracks, widening them and breaking the rock) | |
| Chemical: involves water and chemical in the water and air reacting to the rock and changing it | |
| Gasses | |
| Acids | |
| Oxidation (oxygen in the air reacts with minerals causing them to rust) | |
| Hydrolysis (minerals react with water,breaking down into new often water soluble ions) | |
| EROSION: removal of small rock particles | |
| Small particles of broken off rock by weathering can be carried away by water, wind and ice | |
| DEPOSITION: the process of depositing eroded rock particles | |
| Small rock particles that are carried away from the weathered rock are eventually dropped somewhere | |
| Sedimentary Rocks | |
| SEDIMENTERY ROCKS: made of sediments | |
| HOW ITS FORMED: occurs through pressure & because there are substances in rocks & soil that act as natural sediments | |
| Sedimentary rocks are classified by the the type of sediment | |
| There are 3 types of sedimentary rocks: | |
| CLASTIC: formed from weathered rock and sediments or sometimes fossil remains | |
| Characteristics: has layers,grains do not interlock and may contain fossils | |
| Eg. Conglomerate, mudstone,sandstone and Breccia | |
| CHEMICAL: rocks that have crystals in them,some contain fossil and no layering | |
| Eg.limestone & gypsum | |
| ORGANIC: soft sedimentary rocks that can be layered depending on how its deposited | |
| Made up of dead plants and animal (different from fossils) | |
| Eg. coal | |
| The First Rocks | |
| The first rocks were formed in the lithosphere where magma cooled and solidified | |
| Magma = very hot molten (melted) rock | |
| Dissolved gasses make magma less dense causing it to push through cracks in the crust | |
| When magma reaches the surface it is called lava | |
| Igenius Rocks | |
| Rocks formed when magma/lava cools or solidifies | |
| Rocks from cooling magma are known as Igneous rocks | |
| Igneous rocks were the first to form and started the Earth's crust | |
| Many underground intrusive have exposed and above ground extrusive rocks have been buried due to time therefore the current position of Igneous Rocks is not enough to classify intrusive or extrusive | |
| CHARACTERISTICS: | |
| Hard due to the minerals they contain | |
| Strong, due to mineral crystals | |
| Made of interlocking crystals that grow and lock together | |
| Intrusive or Extrusive | |
| INTRUSIVE: | |
| Contain large crystals usually seen without a microscope, these crystals are a result of magma cooling slowly | |
| Intrusive rocks never saw the sun as they never came out from under the ground and cooled slowly | |
| Cooled inside the earth | |
| Cooled slowly allowing crystals with more time to grow and enlarge | |
| Eg. granite and dolerite | |
| EXTRUSIVE: | |
| Contain very small crystals, due to rapid cooling making the minerals solidify meaning large crystals don't have a chance to grow | |
| Extrusive rocks exploded out of volcanoes came out of the ground and then cooled | |
| Cooled on the earth's surface | |
| Cooled rapidly therefore very small or no crystals | |
| Eg. basalt, pumice and obsidian | |
| Structure of the Earth | |
| Main Components: Crust, mantle, outer core, inner core | |
| CRUST: (Terrestrial layer) | |
| Very thin compared to the radius of the Earth | |
| Low Density rocks ( limestone, Gneiss and Basalt) | |
| Continental Crust | |
| Under continents | |
| Contains light granite (this is a felsic intrusive igneous rock) | |
| Oceanic Crust | |
| Supports ocean | |
| Made of dense basalt (Mafic extrusive igneous rock) | |
| MANTLE: | |
| Thickest compositional layer | |
| Dense rocks that contain green minerals such as olivine and bridgmanite | |
| The area between the crust and mantle is the Mohorovicic Discontinuity (The Moho) | |
| Upper Mantle | |
| Mostly solid | |
| Lithosphere: | |
| Solid outer part of the Earth | |
| Includes crust and brittle upper part of mantle | |
| Where tectonic activity occurs | |
| Asthenosphere: | |
| Denser, weather layer of upper mantle beneath lithosphere | |
| Semi-molten due to high temp and pressure (3700) | |
| Lower Mantle: | |
| Less ductile than upper mantle | |
| Core: | |
| Very hot and dense | |
| Mainly iron and nickel alloy, and other heavy metals | |
| Outer core | |
| Mostly liquid iron and nickel (and other heavy metals) | |
| Low viscosity (easily deformed, malleable) | |
| Earth’s magnetic field is a result of convection currents in the outer core | |
| Inner core | |
| Hot, dense, ball | |
| Iron, nickel, other heavy metals | |
| Temperature of 5200 degrees c | |
| 3.6 million atmosphere (pressure) | |
| Inner core is solid because of high pressure which prevents iron and metals from melting | |
| CRUST: | |
| Outermost layer | |
| Thin | |
| Solid rock layer | |
| Mostly igneous rocks | |
| Oceanic layer | |
| Supports/under oceans | |
| Continental Layer | |
| Under continents | |
| Mantle | |
| Semi-molten layer | |
| Thickest compositional layer | |
| Can find magma in this layer | |
| Upper Mantle | |
| Contains lithosphere and asthenosphere | |
| Lithosphere | |
| Consists of crust and upper part of the mantle | |
| Tectonic plates and activity | |
| Asthenosphere | |
| Layer below crust and above mantle | |
| Convection currents | |
| Lower Mantle | |
| Drier than upper mantle | |
| Outer core | |
| Liquid due to high temperatures | |
| Iron and nickel (and other heavy metals) | |
| Inner core | |
| Solid due to extremely high pressure | |
| Mostly iron and nickel (other heavy metals) | |
| Crystals & Minerals | |
| CRYSTALS: | |
| When magma is solidifying, particles in liquid rock clump together to form crystals | |
| Slow cooling magma produces larger crystals | |
| MINERALS: | |
| Minerals are chemical substances with particular combinations and arrangements of atoms | |
| Rocks are made up of minerals | |
| Metamorphic Rocks | |
| Metamorphic rocks from when high temperature & pressure, alter the existing Igneous and Sedimentary rocks | |
| Metamorphic rocks can be formed by other metamorphic rocks | |
| Diamonds can be formed by metamorphic rocks | |
| Metamorphic rocks can from bands or layers due to heat and pressure | |
| This process is called “foliation” | |
| There bands are not always straight | |
| Eg. schist, gneiss, slate, marble and quartzite | |
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