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Integumentary System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Epidermis | Outer layer of the skin, consists of 4-5 layers of epitheium |
| Keratinocyte | Produce keratin |
| Keratin | Is waterproof and tough. Makes up nails, hair, and outer layer of skin. |
| Thick Skin | Contains 5 layers, found on palm of the hand and soles of the feet |
| Thin Skin | 4 layers, found everywhere except the palms and the soles of the feet |
| Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale | List the five epidermis layers from superficial to deep |
| Stratum corneum | 15-30 rows of flat dead cells, completely filled with keratin. Most superficial |
| Stratum lucidum | 3-5 rows of clear, dead cells. Only found in thick skin |
| Stratum granulosum | 3-5 rows of flattened cells, produce keratin |
| Stratum spinosum | 8-10 rows of polyhedral cells covered with prickly spikes, participate in the immune system |
| Startum basale | Single row attached to the dermis, youngest cells, generates the other layers |
| Keratinization | The formation of a layer of dead, waterproof, protective cells filled with keratin. Cells move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum |
| Carotene | Orange-yellow pigment in the stratum corneum and fatty areas of the dermis |
| Melanin | Yellow brown-black pigment in the epidermis that protects from sun damage |
| Their melanocytes are producing more melanin, but everyone has the same number of melanocytes | Why are some people darker skinned than others? |
| Hemoglobin | Carries oxygen in blood and contributes to the pink of light skin |
| Erythema | Blood vessels dilate, accounts for blushing |
| Cyanosis | Blood vessels constrict rapidly, accounts for bluish skin tint |
| Epidermal ridges | The ridges formed when the stratum basale extends into the dermis. Creates fingerprints when left on other surfaces |
| Dermis | Middle layer of the skin, contains two layers of connective tissue. Thickness differs depending on place of body |
| Papillary layer | Superficial layer of dermis, innervated, made of areolar tissue |
| Blood is received from capillaries in the papillary layer (Dermal Circulation) | How does the avascular epidermis get nourishment? |
| Reticular layer | Deep layer of the dermis, made of dense irregular tissue, contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and glands, contains collagen and elastic fibers |
| Fine Touch | Touch that is subtle but easily located |
| Crude Touch | Touch is more easily identified but harder to locate |
| Meissner Corpuscle | Receptors that detect light versus deep pressure and low-frequency vibration |
| Pacinian Corpuscle | Receptors that respond to deep pressure, vibration, and stretch (Joint positions) |
| Ruffini Corpuscle | Receptor that detects deep or continuous pressure and heat. Allows body to perceive grasped objects |
| Merkel Cells | Sensory receptors for touch and pressure, located in the deep epidermis |
| Root Hair Plexus | Responds to movement of hair shafts |
| Hypodermis or Subcutaneous Layer | Lowest layer of the skin, deposit of fat |
| Protect, insulate, guard openings, sensitive to light touch | Functions of hair |
| Dead keratinized cells | What is hair made of? |
| Root | Portion of hair embedded in the skin |
| Shaft | Superficial portion of hair |
| Medulla | Middle of hair |
| Cortex | Surrounds medulla, major part of hair shaft |
| Cuticle | Scaly, overlapping outer layer of hair |
| Hair Follicles | Organ that produces hair |
| Sheath | Encloses the hair |
| Bulb | Base of hair follice |
| Dermal Papilla | Blood vessels that feed that hair |
| Arrector Pili Muscle | Muscle that pulls hair erect, causes goosebumps in humans |
| Melanocytes | How is hair color produced? |
| Lanugo | Fetal hair usually shed before birth |
| Vellus | Fine, downy soft short hairs |
| Intermediate hairs | Still growing hair |
| Terminal hair | Longer, courser hair |
| Sebaceous gland | Holocrine gland that secretes sebum, attached to hair follicles |
| Apocrine Sweat Glands | Found in armpits, secretes products into hair follicle, break down and create odors |
| Myoepithelial Cells | Squeeze apocrine gland secretion onto skin surface |
| Merocrine Sweat Glands | Found all over, discharge directly onto skin, cool skin and remove harmful chemicals |
| Mammary Glands | Found in the breast, secrete breast milk |
| Ceruminous Glands | Found in the ear, secrete ear wax to protect the inner canal |
| Nail body | Portion of nail that is visible |
| Free Edge (of nail) | Portion of nail that extends past the digit |
| Nail Root | Portion of nail that is buried in the fold of the skin |
| Lunula | Whitish semi-lunar area of proximal end of nail body |
| Cuticle | Portion of the stratum corneum that extends of the exposed nail |
| Sweating, blood vessel dialation | What lowers body temperature? |
| Shivering, goosebumps, construction of blood vessels | What increased body temperature? |
| 1st degree burn | Only epidermis is injured, no blisters, heals in 3-6 days, no scarring |
| 2nd degree burn | Involves epidermis and dermis, blisters, red and painful, take 2-3 weeks to heal and may scar |
| 3rd degree burn | Involves all three layers, little or no pain, white and charred, requires skin graft to heal |
| 4th degree burn | All the way through skin and to muscles or bone, no pain, needs surgery to heal |
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