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Psych
Social Psych+ Psych disorders
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| People behave differently in groups than independently | Group decisions often worse than individual decisions. Diffusion of responsibility, Deindividuation |
| Motivations that make people sensitive to social influence | Hedonic motive Approval motive Accuracy motive |
| Decision making in a group is often worse than the average of a bunch of individuals thinking separately | Common knowledge is discussed more than unique knowledge so some information is ignored. Including expert knowledge that only one person has, desire for consensus so group tilts towards initial majority |
| Social Loafing | Sometimes people don’t work as hard on a project in a group as when alone. Social loafing disappears if individual contributions are recorded |
| The Bystander Effect | People are less likely to help a stranger experiencing a problem if there are many people around than if alone.Multiple studies where a person falls on the sidewalk, drops packages, |
| Deinviduation | being in a large group causes people to be less attentive to their personal values. Mob behavior |
| Hedonic motive | Rewarded behavior increases, punished behavior decreases Kind of like operant conditioning EXCEPT that people don’t need to actually experience the reward/punishment they only need to KNOW that a behavior will be rewarded/punishment |
| Hedonic motive can backfire | Can reduce intrinsic motivation, can make people want to do the opposite because they don't like feeling coerced |
| Approval Motive | Normative influence, Conformity, Obedience |
| Norm | Customary standard for behavior that is widely shared by members of a culture |
| Normative influence | Occurs when another person’s behavior provides information about what is appropriate. |
| Conformity | Tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it Solomon Asch’s conformity studies in 1950s Using conformity to discourage reckless behavior. |
| Asch's conformity study | Asch’s Conformity Study The perplexed research participant (center), flanked by confederates (who are “in” on the experiment). By the 3rd trial, 75% of the participants followed along and gave the wrong answer too. |
| Accurate info about binge drinking reduces binge drinking | Posters began to be posted in a college campus in 1995, binge drinking reduced from 43% in 1995 to 30% in 1998 |
| Obedience | Tendency to do what powerful people tell us to do |
| Accuracy motive | Other people’s behavior tell us about the situation and about what behavior is a good idea |
| Social cognition | What people think about others |
| Attribution | Inference about the cause of a person’s behavior |
| Situational attributions | attribute behavior to the external situation |
| Dispositional attributions | attribute behavior to someone’s internal disposition |
| Actor Observer effect | Tendency to make situational attributions for our own behaviors, but dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others |
| Deciding that a new item belongs to a familiar category lets you call up your general knowledge about that category and apply it to the new item | Usually a good thing. But can be misleading when the category is actually irrelevant for your current purposes |
| Subtyping | When faced with disconfirming evidence, people sometimes modify their stereotypes rather than abandon them |
| Psychological disorder | Persistent disturbance or dysfunction in behavior, thought, or emotion that interferes with at least one aspect of the person’s life (like work, social relations, self-care). |
| Not included in psychological disorder definition | Extreme variation from a person’s typical state, when it is 1) temporary and 2) explained by circumstances. Extreme variation from other people when it does not cause distress for the person, or endanger others. |
| Disorder | Set of symptoms |
| Disease | Known pathological process |
| Diagnosis | Professional Determination that a disorder or disease is present |
| The medical model is still undergoing change | Disorders tend to get shifted from “psychological” category to “neurological” category when biological causes become well understood |
| Issues/Problems with the DSM | Categorical nature, Comorbidity |
| Categorical nature | Strict yes/no boundary, disorder present or absent Doesn’t capture severity No acknowledgment that many disorders are extreme versions of normal feelings |
| Comorbidity | The symptoms of an individual often fall into more than one DSM diagnostic category |
| DSM focuses on _______ to find a disorder | Symptoms |
| United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) has created a new system that focuses on the basic normal processes that have gone wrong | Research Domain Criteria Project |
| Negative Valence Systems | Fear, Anxiety, Threat, Loss |
| Positive Valence Systems | Reward, Habit, Decision making |
| Cognitive systems | Perception, Attention, Memory, Cognitive Control |
| Social Processes | Communication, self knowledge, theory of mind |
| Arousal and Regulatory Systems | Alertness, sleep, circadian rhythms |
| DSM versus RDOC diagnosis | DSM Craving for a drug + impairment = Addiction (symptoms = disorder), RDOC Addiction= Disorder of the normal reward system |
| Biopsychosocial Model | Biological factors+ social environment+ person's response to those leads to disorder |
| Diathesis | A person's biology or cognitive style makes them vulnerable |
| Stressful Situation | Triggers the onset of a disorder |
| Concordance rate | One way of assessing whether a disorder has a genetic contribution |
| Phobias | Irrational fear of particular things or, situations that interferes with ability to function |
| Preparedness Theory | Evolution predisposes people to develop fears of some objects more than others |
| Persistent Depressive Disorder | Same symptoms as Major Depressive Disorder, but milder and longer-lasting (at least 2 years |
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