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Chapter 14

RNA

TermDefinition
RNA (Ribonucleic acid) Single-stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose.
mRNA (messenger RNA) Type of RNA that carries copies of instructions for the assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell.
tRNA (transfer RNA) Type of RNA that carries each amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis.
rRNA (ribosomal) Type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes.
Transcription Synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template.
Translation Process by which the sequence of bases of mRNA is converted into the sequence of amino acids of a protein.
RNA Polymerase Enzyme that links together the growing chain of RNA nucleotides during transcription using a DNA strand as a template.
Promoter Specific region of a gene where RNA polymerase can bind and begin transcription.
Intron Sequence of DNA that is not involved in coding for a protein.
Exon Expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein.
Spliceosomes A large, dynamic molecular complex in eukaryotic cells responsible for removing introns (non-coding sequences) from pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA), and joining exons (coding sequences) together to form mature mRNA.
Codon Group of three nucleotide bases in mRNA that specify a particular amino acid to be incorporated into a protein.
Anticodon Group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to the three bases of a codon of mRNA.
Gene Regulation controlling when & how genes are used (transcribed, translated)
Differentiation Process by which cells become specialized in structure and function.
Mutation Change in the genetic material of a cell.
Frameshift Mutation Mutation that shifts the "reading frame" of the genetic message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide.
Point Mutation Gene mutation in which a single base pair in DNA has been changed.
Chromosomal Mutation Mutations that change the structure or number of chromosomes.
Created by: kdulin
 

 



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