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Evolution

TermDefinition
artificial selection Darwin's term for the selective breeding of organisms selected for certain traits in order to produce offspring having those traits.
natural selection theory of evolution developed by Darwin, based on 4 ideas: excess reproduction, variations, inheritance, and the advantages of specific traits in an environment
evolution hereditary changes in groups of living organisms over time
homologous structure anatomically similar structure inherited from a common ancestor
vestigial structure reduced form of a functional structure that indicates shared ancestry
embryo organism's early prebirth stage of development
analogous structure structure that has the same function but different construction and was not inherited from a common ancestor
biogeography study of the distribution of plants and animals on earth
fitness measure of a trait's relative contribution to the following generation
camouflage morphological adaptations that allow organisms to blend into their surroundings
mimicry morphological adaptation in which one species evolves to resemble other species for protection or other advantages
Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allelic frequencies in populations stay the same unless they are affected by a factor that causes change.
genetic drift random change in allelic frequencies in a population
founder effect random effect that can occur when a small population settles in an area separated from the rest of the population and interbreeds, producing unique allelic variations
bottleneck process in which a large population declines in number, then rebounds.
stabilizing selection most common form of natural selection in which organisms with extreme expressions of a trait are removed.
directional selection shift of a population toward an extreme version of a beneficial trait
disruptive selection process in which individuals with average traits are removed, creating two populations with extreme traits.
sexual selection change in the frequency of a trait based on competition for a mate
prezygotic isolating mechanism factor that prevents individuals from different species from mating; operates before fertilization
postzygotic isolating mechanism factor that prevents a hybrid zygote from developing, or prevent hybrid offspring from reproducing; operates after fertilization
allopatric speciation occurs when a population divided by a geographic barrier evolves into two or more populations unable to interbreed
sympatric speciation occurs when a species evolves into a new species in an area without a geographic barrier
gradualism theory that evolution occurs in small, gradual steps over time
punctuated equilibrium theory that evolution occurs with relatively sudden periods of speciation followed by long periods of stability
endosymbiont theory explains that mitochondria and chloroplast may have evolved from prokaryotic cells
Created by: kellylmoore
 

 



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