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Atomic Theory
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is a model? | A model is a simplified representation of reality that is used to understand, explain or predict phenomena. Examples: Maps, Diagrams, Equations, simulations |
| Describe the nuclear model and who made it | Rutherford The nuclear model states that the atom has a very small, dense and positive core called the nucleus. The nucleus is surrounded by an ‘electron cloud’. this model is unclear on where exactly electrons were to be found and what they were doing |
| What are the assumptions of the Nuclear Model | The nucleus contains most of the atom’s mass Electrons orbit around the nucleus in a relatively empty space |
| What are the limitations of the Nuclear Model | Lacks detail about electron behaviour and doesn’t clearly explain electron arrangement |
| What are the three models of the atom | The Nuclear model, The Bohr Model, The Orbital Model |
| Who made the Bohr Model | Niels Bohr |
| Describe the Bohr Model | Electrons orbit the nucleus. Electrons in an atom have a specific, fixed amount of energy Electrons can move around the nucleus only in certain specific orbits (ENERGY LEVELS) with a fixed radius, depending on the fixed amount of energy they have. |
| What is an energy level | An energy level is the fixed amount of energy of an electron in an atom. |
| What are the assumptions of the Bohr Model | Bohr assumed that electrons had fixed amounts of energy and could occupy only certain energy levels Bohr assumed that electrons travelled in specific orbits around the nucleus |
| What are the limitations of the Bohr Model | worked well for hydrogen, but not for more complex atoms Bohr’s model didn’t take into account wave-particle duality Bohr mistakenly believed that the exact position of electrons could be known at all times Bohr’s model didn’t account for sublevels |
| What is wave-particle duality? | Electrons travel in waves rather than fixed orbits |
| What does Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle say? | It is impossible to measure both the velocity and position of an electron at the same time. |
| What are sublevels? | A sub-division of a main energy level consisting of one or more orbitals of the same energy. There is only 2 electrons max per orbital |
| Who made the Orbital Model | Erwin Schrödinger |
| What did Schrödinger do to create the Orbital Model | Erwin Schrödinger used equations to predict where electrons are located within the atom. He identified regions of the atom where electrons had a high probability of being found. These regions are called orbitals. |
| What are the 4 types of Orbitals | s, p, d, f |
| Describe what the s orbital looks like | S orbitals are spherical, with the nucleus at their centre. it is on the left side of the periodic table |
| Describe what the p orbital looks like | P orbitals are dumb-bell shaped, arranged around the central nucleus. There are three kinds of p orbitals – px, py and pz, oriented at right angles to each other. they are on the right side of the periodic table |
| What are the assumptions of the Orbital Model | Electrons are found in orbitals – regions of space where there is a high probability of finding an electron. Electrons have wave-particle duality |
| What are the limitations of the Orbital model | We can predict only the likelihood of where electrons are – we do not know their exact positions. |
Created by:
21JulianM
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