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digestive
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The consumption of solid or liquid food, usually through the mouth. | Ingestion |
| The breakdown of large organic molecules into smaller molecules that can be absorbed, occurring through mechanical and chemical means. | Digestion |
| The movement of molecules (nutrients like amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and water) out of the digestive tract and into the blood or lymphatic system. | Absorption |
| The removal of undigested material, such as fiber from food, plus other waste products from the body as feces. | Elimination |
| Includes the oral cavity (mouth), pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, and the anus. | Digestive Tract |
| The four major layers of the digestive tract | Tunics |
| The innermost tunic , consisting of the inner mucous epithelium | Mucosa |
| A thick layer of loose connective tissue outside the mucosa, containing nerves, blood vessels, and small glands. | Submucosa |
| Consists of an inner layer of circular smooth muscle and an outer layer of longitudinal smooth muscle. | Muscularis |
| The outermost layer of the digestive tract in regions covered by peritoneum, consisting of the peritoneum and its underlying connective tissue. | Serosa |
| A connective tissue layer covering regions of the digestive tract not covered by peritoneum. | Adventitia |
| The nerve plexuses of the submucosa and muscularis that control movement and secretion within the digestive tract. | Enteric Nervous System |
| A serous membrane associated with the walls of the abdominal cavity and the abdominal organs. | Peritoneum |
| The serous membrane that covers the abdominal organs. | Visceral Peritoneum |
| The serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity. | Parietal Peritoneum |
| Connective tissue sheets that hold abdominal organs in place and provide a route for blood vessels and nerves. | Mesenteries |
| The mesentery connecting the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver and diaphragm. | Lesser Omentum |
| The mesentery connecting the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon and posterior body wall. | Greater Omentum |
| A potentially life-threatening inflammation of the peritoneal membranes. | Peritonitis |
| Organs lying along the abdominal wall that have no mesenteries. | Retroperitoneal |
| Bounded by the lips and cheeks and contains the teeth and tongue. | Oral Cavity |
| Chewing, which is the start of mechanical digestion. | Mastication |
| The 32 teeth in the normal adult mouth. | Permanent Teeth |
| The 20 teeth that are lost during childhood. | Deciduous Teeth |
| A living, cellular, calcified tissue surrounding the pulp cavity. | Dentin |
| An extremely hard, acellular substance covering the tooth crown that protects against abrasion and acids. | Enamel |
| Covers the surface of the dentin in the root and helps anchor the tooth in the jaw. | Cementum |
| Dense fibrous connective tissue and epithelium covering the alveolar processes. | Gingiva |
| The breakdown of enamel by acids produced by bacteria. | Dental Caries |
| The roof of the oral cavity, which separates it from the nasal cavity. | Palate |
| A posterior extension of the soft palate. | Uvula |
| Three major pairs (parotid, submandibular, sublingual) that produce saliva. | Salivary Glands |
| A mixture of serous and mucous fluids that moistens food, neutralizes acids, and contains enzymes. | Saliva |
| The throat, which connects the mouth with the esophagus. | Pharynx |
| A muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach that transports food. | Esophagus |
| Regulates the movement of food into the stomach. | Lower Esophageal Sphincter |
| Muscular contractions that propel the bolus (chewed food mass) through the digestive tract. | Peristaltic Waves |
| The greater omentum is unusual in that it is a long, double fold mesentery that extends inferiorly from the stomach before looping back to the transverse colon to create a cavity or pocket. | Omental Bursa |
| A thin fold of tissue that attaches the anterior part of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. | Frenulum |
| The visible portion of a tooth. | Crown |
| The center of the tooth, filled with blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue. | Pulp |
| Inflammation and degeneration of the periodontal ligaments, gingiva, and alveolar bone. | Periodontal Disease |
| The largest salivary glands, located just anterior to each ear. | Parotid Glands |
| Produce more serous than mucous secretions and are located along the inferior border of the mandible. | Submandibular Glands |
| The smallest, producing primarily mucous secretions, and lying below the mucous membrane in the floor of the oral cavity. | Sublingual Glands |
| An inflammation of the parotid gland caused by a viral infection. | Mumps |
| The process of moving food from the mouth to the stomach. | Deglutition |
| The mixture of food and stomach secretions. | Chyme |
| An enlarged segment of the digestive tract that primarily houses food for mixing with hydrochloric acid and other secretions. | Stomach |
| The stomach region around the gastroesophageal opening. | Cardiac Region |
| The most superior part of the stomach. | Fundus |
| The opening from the stomach into the small intestine. | Pyloric Opening |
| A relatively thick ring of smooth muscle that surrounds the pyloric opening. | Pyloric Sphincter |
| Large folds in the submucosa and mucosa of the stomach when it is empty, which allows the stomach to stretch when filled. | Rugae |
| Glands in the mucosa that open into the stomach lining via gastric pits and contain several types of secretory cells. | Gastric Glands |
| Produce mucus. | Mucous Neck Cells |
| Produce hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor. | Parietal Cells |
| Produce regulatory chemicals and hormones like gastrin and histamine. | Endocrine Cells |
| Produce pepsinogen. | Chief Cells |
| Occurs when the lower esophageal sphincter does not close properly, allowing acidic chyme to move from the stomach into the esophagus, causing heartburn | Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease |
| A lesion in the stomach or duodenal lining, most commonly caused by the Helicobacter pylori bacterium. | Ulcer |
| The major site of digestion and absorption; it consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. | Small Intestine |
| The first and shortest part of the small intestine. | Duodenum |
| The middle section of the small intestine. | Jejunum |
| The third and longest section of the small intestine. | Ileum |
| Clusters of lymphatic nodules prominent in the ileum. | Peyer Patches |
| A lymphatic capillary in a villus that transports absorbed lipids. | Lacteal |
| Coiled, tubular mucous glands in the submucosa of the duodenum that produce a basic (alkaline) mucus to neutralize the acidic chyme. | Duodenal Glands |
| Contractions that churn and mix chyme in the small intestine. | Segmentation |
| A ring of smooth muscle that controls the movement of materials from the ileum into the large intestine. | Ileocecal Sphincter |
| The largest gland in the body, with a wide variety of functions, including producing bile. | Liver |
| A fluid secreted by the liver that contains bile salts (which emulsify fats), bilirubin, and cholesterol. | Bile |
| Clefts between liver cells where bile is collected. | Bile Canaliculi |
| A small sac on the inferior surface of the liver that stores and concentrates bile. | Gallbladder |
| A yellowish staining of the skin and sclera of the eyes due to excess bilirubin (a bile pigment) in the circulation. | Jaundice |
| Inflammation of the liver. | Hepatitis |
| Scarring of the liver caused by chronic inflammation. | Cirrhosis |
| An elongated gland that has both exocrine and endocrine functions. | Pancreas |
| The exocrine secretion of the pancreas, containing bicarbonate ions and digestive enzymes. | Pancreatic Juice |
| Neutralize the acidic chyme in the duodenum. | Bicarbonate Ions |
| Digests starch. | Pancreatic Amylase |
| Digests lipids. | Lipase |
| The terminal portion of the digestive tract, consisting of the cecum, colon, rectum, and anal canal; it primarily absorbs water and salts and eliminates feces. | Large Intestine |
| The proximal end of the large intestine, where the ileum connects. | Cecum |
| A small, blind tube attached to the cecum. | Appendix |
| The part of the large intestine between the cecum and the rectum. | Colon |
| Three distinct longitudinal bands of smooth muscle that run the length of the large intestine. | Teniae Coli |
| Pouches or bulges in the large intestine created by the contraction of the teniae coli. | Haustra |
| The straight, terminal end of the large intestine. | Rectum |
| The final 2–3 cm of the digestive tract. | Anal Canal |
| Smooth muscle (involuntary) that regulates the movement of feces. | Internal Anal Sphincter |
| Skeletal muscle (voluntary) that regulates the movement of feces. | External Anal Sphincter |
| The elimination of feces. | Defecation |
| Undigested food, sloughed-off epithelial cells, bacteria, and water. | Feces |
| Small droplets formed from bile salts and digested lipids that transport the lipids to the intestinal wall. | Micelles |
| Absorbed lipids packaged into lipoprotein particles by the epithelial cells of the small intestine; they are released into the lacteals. | Chylomicrons |
| Binds fat and cholesterol in the intestines, lowering low-density lipoprotein concentrations in the blood, and slows the absorption of glucose. | Soluble Fiber |
| Helps to push food through the intestinal tract, preventing constipation, and dilutes carcinogens. | Insoluble Fiber |
| A hormone secreted by the stomach that increases stomach secretions and motility. | Gastrin |
| A hormone secreted by the duodenum that stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate and the liver to secrete bile. | Secretin |
| A hormone secreted by the duodenum that stimulates the pancreas to release digestive enzymes and the gallbladder to contract. | Cholecystokinin |
Created by:
Starwitness