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EES Unit 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Commensalism | A type if relationship between two living organisms in which one organism benefits from the other without harming it |
| Parasitism | When one organism benefits while hurting the other organism |
| Mutualism | When two or more species benefit from each other |
| Biomes | land-based ecosystems with unique biotic and abiotic factors. |
| Abiotic Factors | Nonliving conditions that influence the type of biome found in a geographic area. |
| Two most significant abiotic factors in a biome | Temp and precipitation |
| Latitude | the distance from the equator, measured in degrees north or south. |
| Altitude | elevation above sea level. |
| Ocean Conveyer | moving system of deep ocean currents that circulate warmth across the globe. |
| Convection | moving system of deep ocean currents that circulate warmth across the globe. |
| Convection Cells | rotating bodies of air caused by this warming and cooling. |
| Prevailing winds | caused by the Earth’s rotation, and tend to move in the same direction. |
| Trade winds | From the tropics westward towards the equator. |
| Westerlies | From the subtropics eastward towards the midlatitudes. |
| El-Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) cycle | a periodic warming and cooling of the central/eastern Pacific Ocean caused by shifts in trade winds. |
| normal year (la Nina), | prevailing winds concentrate warm water in the western Pacific, fueling rainfall throughout southeast Asia. |
| El Niño year | warm waters shift to the coast of South America, fueling more rainfall in the Western U.S. |
| Windward slope | receives higher precipitation, favoring forests, faces wind |
| Leeward Slope | much drier, favoring deserts and grasslands. less precipitation |
| rainshadow effect | a decrease in precipitation on the side of a mountain facing away from prevailing winds. |
| Climatographs | combination line/bar graphs that show trends in temperature and precipitation over a typical year in a biome. |
| Deserts | low precipitation, dry, lowest net primary productivity of all biomes |
| Subtropical deserts | form between the tropics and equator. |
| Temperate deserts | have seasonal temperature variations. Low precipitation from rainshadows or wind patterns. Gobi desert, deserts in rainshadow of Himalayas |
| Polar deserts | consistently cold and dry, due to lack of cloud cover. Antarctica and Arctic |
| Grasslands | Moderate or seasonal precipitation, Warm or seasonal temperatures, Moderate net primary productivity. |
| Savannas, | or tropical grasslands, are located near the equator between tropical forests and subtropical deserts. |
| Prairies | temperate grasslands |
| Tundra | polar grasslands |
| Forests | Consistent moderate-to-high precipitation that supports tree growth, Warm or seasonal temperatures, High net primary productivity across multiple layers. |
| emergent layer | uppermost layer in a forest. |
| Canopy | highest layer that most trees reach, and contains most of the plant and animal life. |
| understory | layer of vegetation below the canopy, where only 5% of the sunlight reaches. |
| forest floor | bottommost layer of the forest, and has a community centered around decomposition. |
| Broadleaf Trees | Wide, flat leaves that maximize sun absorption. Prone to moisture loss via transpiration. Shed in winters or prolonged dry seasons. |
| Coniferous Trees | Narrow, wax-coated leaves. Absorb less sunlight but transpire less water. Not shed during cold or dry seasons. |
| Deciduous forests | ower precipitation than rainforests and significant seasonal temperature changes.(this is what we have) |
| Boreal forests, also called taiga | coldest and driest of all the forest biomes. Coniferous trees only. |
| Mediterranean forests, also called chaparral, | have highly seasonal rainfall that mostly falls during the winter months. Small coniferous trees and shrubs. |
| Islands | Subcontinental land masses surrounded by water. May also include natural areas surrounded by human development, desert oases, etc. |
| endemic | not found anywhere else in the world. |
| biodiversity hotspots | Islands are this due to the number of endemic species present. |
| theory of island biogeography | predicts that the species richness or biodiversity of an island |
| Factors of theory of island biogeography | As island size increases, species richness also increases. (Positive correlation) As distance from the mainland increases, species richness decreases. (Inverse correlation) |
| Urban Ecosystems/ Cities | Land converted for human development. |
| Biodiversity Hotspots | Areas with large numbers of species found nowhere else. |
| Generalists | Variety of food sources. Wide range of environmental conditions. Highly adaptable to many niches. Tend to be invasive species. Dominate edge habitats and urban areas |
| Specialists | Specific food source. Narrow range of environmental conditions. Highly adapted to one niche. Tend to be endangered species. Dominate islands and interior habitats. |
| Succession | The process of change in the abiotic and biotic factors of an ecosystem over time. |
| Primary succession | occurs when a new ecosystem was created – no prior life existed. |
| pioneer species | the first to appear in the new ecosystem. |
| First stage of primary succession | rock weathered into soil |
| Late stage of primary succession | climax community |
| Secondary succession | occurs when an existing ecosystem undergoes a disruption – fire, flood, volcanic eruption, etc. |
Created by:
RileyBell2