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VMT Chapter 12
| Reproductive System | Responsible for producing offspring, needing both male and female specific organs for offspring production |
| Theriogenology | Study of producing beasts, animal reproduction, |
| Theri/o | Beast |
| Gen/o | Producing |
| Genitals / Genitalia | Reproductive organs of either male or female |
| Genit/o | Organs of reproduction |
| What all does the genitalia include? | External and internal organs |
| What do the structures of the male reproductive system produce? | Sperm, Transport Sperm, and Produce Hormones |
| Scrotum / Scrotal Sac | External pouch that encloses and supports the testes and creates a lower temperature for sperm to develop |
| What is the Latin term for Scrotum | Bag |
| Scrot/o | Scrotum |
| Perineum | Area between the scrotum and the anus in males |
| Perine/o | Area between scrotum / Vulva and anus |
| Testes / Testicles | Male sex glands that produce spermatozoa |
| What are sex glands called? | Gonads |
| Orch/o, Orchi/o, Orchid/o, Test/o, Testicul/o | Testes |
| Where do the testes develop? | Fetal abdomen and descend into the scrotum before birth |
| How are the testes suspended in the scrotum? | By the spermatic cord |
| Seminiferous Tubules | Compartments that contain coiled tubes which act as channels in the testes in which sperm are produced and leave the testes |
| Leydig's Cells | Interstitial cells of the testes that have an endocrine function |
| Sertoli Cells | Specialized cells in the testes that support and nourish sperm growth |
| Sperm / Spermatozoa | Male gametes / sex cells |
| Sperm/o, Spermat/o | Spermatozoa |
| What is evaluated microscopically to determine whether the spermatozoa have normal morphology, motility, and have adequate numbers? | Ejaculated Semen |
| Does spermatozoon have a head, midpiece, and tail? | True |
| The head of a spermatozoon contain _____ and allow what? | Enzymes, Allow spermatozoon to penetrate the ovum |
| The midpiece contains _______ to provide what? | Mitochondria, Provide energy to the sperm |
| The tail is actually a ______, and it provides what? | Flagellum, Provides movement for the spermatozoon to reach the ovum |
| Spermatogenesis | Production of male gametes |
| The seminiferous tubules join together to form what? | Cluster |
| What emerge from a cluster of seminiferous tubules and where do they enter? | Ducts emerge and enter the epididymis |
| Epididymus | Tube at the upper part of each testis that secretes part of the semen, stores semen, and provides a passageway for sperm |
| The epididymis runs down the length of the testicle and turns where becoming a narrower tube called the ______ _______. | Turns upward and becomes the ductus deferens |
| Motile | Capable of spontaneous motion |
| Epididym/o | Epididymus |
| Ductus Deferens | Tube connected to the epididymis that carries sperm into pelvic region toward the urethra. |
| Each ductus deferens are encased by what? | Spermatic Cord |
| What does the spermatic cord encase? | Nerves, Blood Vessels, Lymph Vessels, Ductus Deferens, and the Cremaster Muscle |
| The ductus deferens is the what of the testes? | Excretory duct |
| Ampulla | Enlarged part of a tube or canal In swine the ductus deferens have a glandular portion called this |
| What do the male accessory sex glands include? | Seminal Vesicles, Prostate Gland, and the Bulbourethral Gland |
| Are all glands present in all species? | No |
| The accessory glands add what to do the sperm and flush what? | Secretions, Urine from urethra before sperm enter it |
| Seminal Vesicles | Vesicular Glands Two glands that open into the ductus deferens where it joins the urethra |
| What do the seminal vesicles secrete? | Thick, yellow substance that nourishes sperm and adds volume to the ejaculated semen |
| Semen | Ejaculatory fluid that contains sperm and secretions of the accessory sex glands |
| Semin/i | Semen |
| Ejaculatory Duct | Formed by union of ductus deferens and duct from the seminal vesicles |
| What does the ejaculatory duct pass through and enter? | Passes through prostate and enters urethra |
| Prostate Gland | Single gland that surrounds / near the urethra and may be defined or diffused depending on the species |
| What does the prostate gland secrete? | Thick fluid that aids in motility of sperm |
| Prostat/o | Prostate Gland |
| Bulbourethral Gland | Two glands located on either side of urethra |
| What do the bulbourethral glands secrete? | Thick mucus that acts as a lubricant for sperm |
| Urethra | Tube passing through penis in males to outside of body to serve both reproductive and urinary systems |
| urethr/o | Urethra |
| What is the distal part of the penis on which the urethra opens? | Glans penis |
| What is the prepuce sometimes called? | Foreskin |
| Os Penis | Bone encased in the penile tissue |
| All species except felines have a penis that is directed __________. | Cranioventrally |
| pen/i, priap/o | Penis |
| Sigmoid Flexure | S-shaped bend in the penis |
| What is the function of the female reproductive system? | Create and support new life |
| What are the structures of the female reproductive system? | Produce eggs, Transport eggs for fertilization and implantation, house the embryo, deliver the fetus, and produce hormones |
| Ovaries | Small pair of organs located in the caudal abdomen that produces estrogen, progesterone, and eggs (ova) |
| Graafian Follicles | Small sac in the ovaries that contains an ovum |
| Ova | Develops in the ovaries and expelled when the egg matures |
| ovari/o, oophor/o | Female Gonad |
| oo/o, ov/i, ov/o | Egg |
| Oocyte | Egg Cell |
| Uterine Tubes | Paired tubes that extend from cranial portion of the uterus to the ovary |
| What are the uterine tubes also called? | Oviducts or fallopian tubes |
| salping/o | Tube |
| What is the distal end of each uterine tube called and what shape does it form? | Infundibulum, Funnel-shaped opening |
| Fimbriae | Fringed extensions that catch ova when they leave the ovary, not attached to the ovaries |
| The proximal end of each uterine tube is conected to the _______ ______. | Uterine Horns |
| What does the uterine tube carry to the uterus? | Ova from the ovaries and sperm traveling up from the vagina |
| Where does fertilization occur? | Uterine Tubes |
| Uterus | Thick-walled, hollowed organ with muscular walls and mucous membrane lining that houses developing embryo |
| The uterus is situated ______ to the urinary bladder and _____ to the rectum | Dorsal, Ventral |
| hyster/o, metri/o, metri/o, and uter/o | Uterus |
| What are the three parts of the uterus? | Cornus, Corpus, and the Cervix |
| Cornus | Uterine horn, Travel toward the uterine tubes (Cornu = Horn) |
| Corpus | The middle portion or body of the uterus (Corpu = body) |
| Cervix | Caudal portion or neck of the uterus that extends into the vagina (Cervic/o = Neck) |
| What are the three major tissue types in the uterus? | Perimetrium, Myometrium, and the Endometrium |
| Perimetrium | Membranous outer layer of the uterus |
| Myometrium | Muscular middle layer of the uterus |
| Endometrium | Inner layer of the uterus |
| What is the main function of the cervix? | To prevent foreign substances from entering the uterus, usually closed tight except during estrus |
| During pregnancy, what is the cervix closed with and why? | Closed with a mucous plug that is released near parturition to allow fetal passage |
| Vagina | Muscular tube lined with mucosa that extends from the cervix to the outside of the body |
| cop/o, vagin/o | Vagina |
| hymen | Membranous fold of the tissue may partially or completely cover the external vaginal orifice |
| Orifice | Entrance or outlet from a body cavity |
| Vulva / Pudendum | Female external genitalia, external opening to the urogenital tract consisting of the vaginal orifice, vestibular glands, clitoris, hymen, and urethral orifice |
| vulv/o, episis/o | Vulva |
| Perineum | Region between the vaginal orifice and anus in female |
| Labia | Fleshy borders or edges of the vulva, occasionally called the lips |
| Vaginal Orifice | Entrance from the vagina to the outside of the body |
| Vestibular Glands | Bartholin's Glands in primates, secrete mucus to lubricate vagina Found in bovine, feline, and sometimes ovine species |
| Clistoris | Sensitive erectile tissue of females located in the ventral portion of the vulva, analog of the glans penis of the male |
| Urethral Orifice | Where the vagina and vulva join, sometimes associated with a vestigial hymen |
| Mammary Glands | Milk-producing glands in females, vary number in species Sometimes called mammae |
| What species have two mammary glands? | Mare, Ewe, and Doe (Goat) |
| What species have four mammary glands? | Cows |
| What species have six or more pairs of mammary glands? | Sows |
| What species have four or more pairs of mammary glands? | Bitches and Queens |
| Where are the glandular structures or mammary glands located in litter-bearing species? | Paired and located on the ventral surface |
| What is the mammary gland called in large animasl? | Udders having two or four functional teats |
| In cows what are four mammae called? | Quarters |
| What are the mammary glands composed of? | Connective and adipose tissue organized into lobes and lobules that contain milk-secreting sacs called alveoli |
| Lactiferous Duct | Ducts that come together to form the lactiferous or teat that each lobe drains toward |
| Lact/i | Milk |
| Lactiferous Sinus | Composed of gland cistern (Within gland) and teat cistern (Within teat) |
| Milk travels from the _____ cistern into the ____ cistern and empties into the _______ _______, also called the ______ _____. | Gland, Teat, Papillary Duct, Streak Canal |
| mamm/o, mast/o | Mammary Glands |
| Estrous Cycle | Heat Cycle, occurs onset of puberty and continues throughout animals life cycle |
| What does the estrous cycle prepare the uterus for? | Fertilized ovum |
| What controls the estrous cycle? | Hormones secreted from the anterior pituitary gland and ovary |
| The estrous cycle starts when ____ develop in _____ ______. | Ova, Ovarian Follicles |
| Graafian follicle | When one or more follicles continue to develop until they reach the ripened follicle size |
| Ovulation | When graafian follicle ruptures and continues to grow and fill with a yellow substance called corpus |
| Where is ovum expelled from? | The ovary into the uterine tube |
| Corpus | Yellow ruptures follicle |
| What is CL and what does it secrete? | Corpus Luteum, secretes progesterone Luteum = yellow body |
| What is secreted due to ovum fertilization to prevent future estrous cycling? | CL will shrink and reduce progesterone secretions |
| Follicular Phase | Stage of the estrous cycle when graafian follicle is present, estrogen is the predominant hormone |
| Luteal Phase | Stage of estrous cycle in which corpus luteum is present, progesterone is the predominant hormone |
| What are the phases of the estrous cycle? | Proestrus, Estrus, Metestrus, Diestrus, and Anestrus |
| Proestrus | Period of the estrous cycle before sexual receptivity |
| What hormone does the proestrus secrete? | FSH, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone by the anterior pituitary gland causing follicles to develop in the ovary |
| FSH ovarian releases estrogen which helps what? | Prepare the reproductive tract for pregnancy |
| Estrus | Period of the estrous cycle when the female is receptive to the male |
| During estrus, what levels decrease and increasing and what do they cause? | FSH decrease, LH increases, causes graafian follicle to rupture and release its egg |
| Metestrus | Short period of the estrous cycle after sexual receptivity |
| What forms and produces progesterone during metestrus? | CL |
| What does progesterone ensure ? | Proper implantation and maintenance of pregnancy |
| If an animal is not pregnant, the CL will decrease and become what? | Corpus albicans / white body |
| Diestrus | Period of the estrous cycle after metestrus, seen in polyestrous animals before onset of proestrus |
| Anestrus | Period of estrous cycle when animal is sexually quiet, seen in seasonally polyestrous and monestrous animals |
| Monestrous | Having one estrous / heat cycle a year |
| Polyestrous | Having more than one estrous / heat cycle a year |
| Spontaneous Ovulators | Animals in which ovum release occurs cyclically |
| Induced Ovulators | Ovum is released only after copulation |
| Copulation / coitus | Sexual Intercourse |
| copulat/o, coit/o | Joining together |
| Intromission | Insertion of the penis into the vagina |
| Ejaculat/o | Throw or hurl out |
| Placenta | Organ of mammals that develops during pregnancy joining mother and offspring for nutrient, oxygen, and waste exchange |
| What is a fertilized egg called? | Zygote |
| Umbilicus | Structure that forms on the abdominal wall where the umbilical cord was connected to the fetus, also called the navel |
| umbilic/o | Navel |
| Amnion | Innermost membrane enveloping the embryo in the uterus, forms the amniotic cavity protecting the fetus by engulfing it in amniotic fluid |
| Allantois | Innermost layer of the placenta forming a sac between itself and the amnion, fetal waste accumulates here |
| Chorion | Outermost layer of the placenta |
| Cotyledon | Elevation of the ruminant placenta on the fetal surface adhering to the maternal caruncle, also called buttons |
| Caruncle | Fleshy mass on the maternal ruminant placenta that attaches to fetal cotyledon |
| What word also means pregnancy? | Cyesis |
| gest/o, gestat/o | Gestation |
| gravid/o | Pregnant |
| Nulligravida | Never been pregnant |
| Nullipara | Female who has never borne a viable fetus |
| Primigravida | Female during first pregnancy |
| Primi- | First |
| Primipara | Female who has borne one offspring |
| Multigravida | Multiple pregnancies |
| Multiparous | Female borne multiple offspring during same gestation |
| Viviparous | Bearing live young |
| Vivi- | Live |
| Oviparous | Bearing eggs |
| Ovovivparous | Producing eggs hatched within the body, young are born alive without placental attachment such as snakes |
| Parturition | Act of giving birth |
| Part/o | Giving birth |
| Antepartum | Period before the onset of labor |
| What are the stages of labor? | Dilation, Uterine contractions, Delivery of fetus where placenta is separated from the uterus |
| Neonate | Newborn |
| Meconium | First stool of a newborn consisting of material collected in the intestine of the fetus |
| Uterine Involution | Uterus returning to normal size |
| Colostrum | Thick fluid containing nutrients and antibodies needed for neonates |
| Lactation | Forming and secreting milk |
| Amniocentesis | Surgical puncture through the abdominal and uterine walls to obtain amniotic fluid to evaluate the fetus |
| Azoospermia | Absence of sperm in semen |
| Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy | Abnormal noncancerous enlargement of the prostate, BPH |
| Cervicitis | Inflammation of the neck of the uterus |
| Cryptorchidism | Developmental defect when one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum, undescended testicles, may be unilaterally or bilaterally |
| Monorchid | Unilaterally cryptorchid |
| crypt/o | Hidden |
| Dystocia | Difficult birth |
| -tocia | Birth of labor |
| Ectopic Pregnancy | Fertilized ovum implanted outside the uterus |
| Teratogens | Substances that produce defects in the fetus |
| terat/o | Malformed fetus |
| Mutagens | Substances that produce change or create genetic abnormalities |
| mut/a | Genetic change |
| Fibroid | Benign tumor arising from smooth muscle of the uterus, leiomyoma |
| Hermaphroditism | Condition of having both ovarian and testicular tissue |
| Pseudohermaphroditism | Condition of having gonads of one sex but the physical characteristics of both sexes |
| Metritis | Inflammation of the uterus |
| Oligospermia | Deficient amount of sperm in semen |
| Orchitis | Inflammation of the gonads of the male |
| Ovarian cyst | Collection of fluid or solid material in the female gonad |
| Paraphimosis | Retraction of skin of prepuce causing painful swelling of the glans penis preventing the penis from being retracted, penis is extruded from prepuce but cannot be returned to its normal position |
| phim/o | Muzzling or constriction of an orifice |
| Phimosis | Narrowing of skin of prepuce so it cannot be retracted to expose glans penis |
| Pneumovagina | Conformational defect in the perineum of cows and mares allowing air to enter the vagina, windsuckers |
| Priapism | Persistent penile erection not associated with sexual excitement |
| Pseudocyesis | False pregnancy, pseudopregnancy, behavioral and physical syndrome, mammary glands develop, lactation occurs, and mothering behavior begins |
| Pyometra | Pus in the uterus |
| Retained Placenta | Non-passage of placenta after delivery of fetus, RP, can lead to metritis and infertility in the female |
| Scrotal Hydrocele | Hernia of fluid in testes along the spermatic cord |
| -cele | Hernia |
| Transmissible Venereal Tumor | Naturally occurring, sexually transmitted tumor of dogs affecting external genitalia and other mucous membranes, TVT |
| Uterine Prolapse | Protrusion of uterus through vaginal orifice, Cast Her Withers |
| Vaginal Prolapse | Protrusion of vagina through vaginal wall or orifice |
| Episiotomy | Surgical incision of the perineum and vagina to facilitate delivery of the fetus and prevent damage to maternal structures |
| Fetotomy | Cutting apart the fetus to enable removal from uterus, also called embryotomy |
| Hysterectomy | Surgical removal of the uterus |
| Mastectomy | Surgical removal of the mammary gland or breast |
| Oophorectomy | Surgical removal of the testis, Orchiectomy, orchiectomy, castration |
| Vasectomy | Sterilization of a male when portion of the ductus deferens is surgically removed yet retains its libido |
| ACT | American College of Theriogenologists |
| AI | Artificial Insemination |
| C | Castrated |
| CMT | California Mastitis Test |
| N | Neutered |
| OB | Obstetrics |
| OHE / OVH | Ovariohysterectomy |
| pg | Pregnant |
| S | Spayed |
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VTodd639