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a&P chapter 13/14
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| chol/e | gall, bile |
| col/o | colon |
| cyst/o | bladder, sac |
| duoden/o | duodenum |
| emet/o | vomit |
| enter/o | intestine |
| esophag/o | esophagus |
| gastr/o | stomach |
| gingiv/o | gums |
| gloss/o | tongue |
| hepat/o | liver |
| peps/o | digestion |
| rect/o | rectum |
| sigmoid/o | sigmoid colon |
| alimentary canal | hollow tube structures of the digestive system form this |
| major organs | esophagus stomach small and large intestine |
| accessory organs | liver pancreas gallbladder cecum teeth salivary glands |
| functions | ingestion digestion absorption defecation |
| nutrients are required for | normal body function |
| nutrients from food | carbs proteins lipids vitamins minerals |
| nutrients are derived from | food |
| goals of the digestive food | digest food into smaller molecules and absorb smaller nutrients into the blood |
| mechanical digestion | physical breakdown of food into smaller pieces, forms a greater surface area for contact with digestive enzymes |
| chemical digestion | splitting of complex nonabsorbable food molecules into small absorbable nutrient molecules by hydrolysis |
| enzymes that speed up the | reaction and enable digestion to occur |
| hard and soft palate form | the roof of the mouth |
| hard palate | bony roof |
| soft palate | soft tissue roof |
| uvula | hangs from the soft palate and directs food down toward the pharynx |
| deciduous teeth | replaced by permanent teeth |
| alveolus | bony structure |
| periodontal ligaments | holds the tooth in its socket |
| tooth structure | crown enamel dentin root and pulp cavity |
| purpose of the tongue is to | manipulate what's ingested and to provide the sense of taste |
| salivary glands include | parotid submandibular and sublingual |
| parotid | anterior to the ear |
| submandibular | inferior to the angle of the mandible or each edge |
| sublingual | under the tongue |
| saliva contains | enzymes amylase and lingual lipase along with mucus lysozymes and antibodies |
| ph of saliva | 6.8-7 |
| mechanical and chemical digestion takes place | in the mouth |
| masseter and temporalis muscles move | the jaw in a crushing motion for chewing |
| amylase in saliva partially digests | carbs |
| bolus | bite of food before it's swallowed |
| pharynx is composed of the | nasopharynx oropharynx and the laryngopharynx and is part of the respiratory and digestive systems |
| epiglottis | elastic cartilage that guards the opening of the larynx |
| esophagus | tube that goes through the diaphragm to connect with the stomach |
| deglutition involves which 4 cranial nerves | 5,7,9 and 12 |
| epiglottis closes off the glottis so that | bolus moves to the esophagus |
| peristalsis | wavelike contraction that moves the bolus through the esophagus |
| stomach has 3 layers of | smooth muscle |
| cardiac sphincter controls the opening to the | stomach from the esophagus |
| lesser curvature | inside of the J |
| greater curvature | outside the J |
| fundus | top part of the stomach |
| body | middle of the stomach |
| pylorus | lower part of the stomach |
| pyloric sphincter | regulates passage of food leaving the stomach to the duodenum |
| lining of the stomach has rugae for | more surface area to accommodate gastric pits that leads to gastric glands |
| gastric pits and glands are composed of 5 types of cells | mucous endocrine parietal chief and regenerative |
| mucous cells | produce alkaline mucus |
| endocrine cells | produce gastrin |
| parietal cells | produce hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor |
| chief cells | produce pepsinogen and gastric lipase |
| regenerative cells | stem cells to replace other cells |
| during swallowing the medulla oblongata sends | signals to the stomach telling it to relax |
| cardiac sphincter opens to allow | bolus to enter |
| stretching of the stomach walls start | peristaltic contractions |
| pyloric sphincter remains closed until the | ph of the stomach contents reaches 2 |
| hydrochloric acid changes | pepsinogen to pepsin so that proteins are partially digested |
| hydrochloric acid activates | lingual lipase which partially digests lipids along with gastric lipase |
| intrinsic factor binds to | vitamin 12 so that it can be absorbed later |
| chyme | once gastric secretions are mixed with the bolus |
| negative feedback | moving food to the small intestine |
| ph of chyme falls stomach ph approaches | 2 |
| endocrine cells stop producing | acids |
| causes pyloric sphincter to open and chyme | to leave the stomach into the duodenum |
| liver has 4 lobes arranged in | hepatic lobules |
| right and left lobes separated by | falciform ligament |
| quadrate lobe | next to gallbladder |
| caudate lobe | most posterior lobe |
| falciform ligament | sheet of mesentery that suspends the liver from the diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall |
| round ligament | remnant of umbilical vein which had delivered blood from the mom's placenta to the liver in the fetus |
| hepatocytes produce bile which is a yellow-green fluid that contains bile acids and lecithin both of which | aid in the chemical digestion by emulsifying lipids |
| bile is released into hepatic ductules leading to the | hepatic duct |
| common bile duct | tube running from the common hepatic duct to the duodenum |
| hepatopancreatic sphincter | controls the opening of the common bile duct to the duodenum |
| gallbladder | stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver |
| pancreas | functions as a digestive organ and endocrine organ |
| endocrine function | produces insulin and glucagon |
| exocrine function | produces bicarbonate ions and enzymes for protein lipid and carb digestion |
| small intestine is composed of | duodenum jejunum and ileum |
| jejunum is the | 2nd part of the small intestine most of the absorption of nutrients takes place here |
| ileum is the | 3rd part of the small intestine |
| peyer's patches | destroy any bacteria entering the small intestine from the large intestine |
| ileocecal valve | controls the movement of materials from the small intestine to the colon |
| all parts of the small intestine have smooth muscle in their walls and are lined by | villi |
| villi | tiny projections in the duodenal lining where the nutrients are absorbed |
| endocrine cells of the duodenum secrete | secretin and cholecystokinin |
| secretin is released from | endocrine cells of the duodenum in response to the acidic chyme |
| secretin tells the | pancreas to release bicarbonate ions to neutralize the chyme in the duodenum |
| cholecystokinin is secreted by | endocrine cells in the duodenum in response to the presence of lipids |
| cholecystokinin tells the gallbladder to | contract and release bile through the cystic duct to the common bile duct |
| cholecystokinin also tells the hepatatopancreatic sphincter to | relax so that bile in the common bile duct can reach the duodenum |
| bile helps | complete lipid digestion by emulsifying fats |
| release of bicarbonate ions from the pancreas carries the | digestive enzymes through the pancreatic duct to the duodenum where all further chemical digestion is completed |
| chyme moves through the small intestine by | segmentation and peristalsis |
| segmentation | stationary constriction that moves food back and forth to ensure that all the contents of the small intestine come in contact with villi for absorption |
| peristalsis | wavelike contraction that further moves the contents through the jejunum and ileum to the ilocecal valve |
| colon is composed of | cecum descending ascending transverse and sigmoid colon and rectum |
| anus contains 2 sphincters muscles | internal anal and external anal |
| internal anal sphincter | controlled by autonomic nervous system and skeletal muscle |
| external anal sphincter | controlled by somatic nervous system |
| large intestine absorbs | water compacts materials to form feces and then store the feces until they're removed through defecation |
| bacteria living in the large intestine produce | vitamin k and flatus |
| stretching of the stomach and duodenum causes | mass movement of fecal material from the transverse colon to the rectum |
| stretch receptors in the rectal walls initiate the | defecation reflex |
| defecation happens voluntary when the | external anal sphincter is relaxed |
| proteins are chemically digested to amino acids and | absorbed into the blood of capillaries in the small intestine |
| carbs are chemically digested to monosaccharides | absorbed into the blood capillaries in the small intestine |
| lipids are chemically digestion to fatty acids | glycerol are absorbed into lacteals in the small intestine |
| vitamins A D E K are fat-soluble | absorbed with products of lipid digestion |
| minerals are electrolytes | absorbed in the small intestine |
| hepatic portal vein | drains nutrient-rich blood from capillaries in the stomach and intestines and carry it to the capillary beds in liver |
| liver then removes | excess glucose amino acids iron vitamins and other nutrients for storage |
| fatty acids and glycerides absorbed into lacteals in the villi | join the bloodstream at the subclavian veins and eventually reach the liver through the hepatic artery |
| autonomic NS controls | digestion |
| parasympathetic fibers of the vagus nerve stimulate | digestion |
| sympathetic neurons from the celiac ganglion supress | digestion in part by diverting blood to skeletal muscles and heart |
| tooth enamel and gingiva | thins recedes |
| receptors on taste buds become less | sensitive which leads to decreased appetite |
| lining of the stomach atrophies which can result in | less intrinsic factor which causes less vitamin B12 to be absorbed |
| liver may metabolize | drugs differently |
| movement of material through the large intestine | slows with age |
| bacterium swallow/upper gi series | x-ray test used to examine the upper digestive tract |
| colonoscopy | procedure in which a lighted colonoscope is used to visualize the colon |
| CT | used to determine changes in digestive organs that might indicate disease |
| fecal occult blood test | noninvasive procedure that detects the presence of blood in stool |
| hepatic screening | collection of tests used to determine whether the liver is functioning properly |
| laproscopy | procedure in which a lighted laparoscope is used to visualize collect biopsies from or perform surgical procedures in the abdomen or pelvic region |
| MRI | detect changes in the digestive organs that might indicate disease |
| protoscopy | procedure in which a lighted endoscope is used to visualize the rectum |
| sigmoidoscopy | procedure in which a lighted sigmoidoscope is used to visualize the lower colon and rectum |
| stool culture | procedure that involves collecting a stool sample and performing various tests to detect the presence of disease-causing pathogens |
| ultrasound | used to visualize digestive organs for any abnormalities |
| leukoplakia | white patches that occur on the surface of the tongue inside the mouth or cheek |
| gastroenteritis | inflammation of the GI tract caused by a bacterial viral or parasitic infection |
| diverticula | small pouches in the lining of the large intestine as it ages |
| diverticulosis | person with multiple diverticula |
| abdominal hernia | protrusions of the contents in the abdomen through a weak portion in the abdominal wall |
| inguinal hernia | protrusions into the groin |
| umbilical hernia | through the umbilicus where the umbilical cord was once attached |
| incisional hernia | protrusions through an incision from past abdominal surgery |
| IBS | abdominal pain and discomfort a change in the frequency of bowel movements and a change in the consistency of stool |
| crohn's disease | autoimmune inflammatory bowel disease that causes chronic inflammation along the GI tract |
| peptic ulcers | erosions of the lining of the digestive tract |
| esophageal ulcers | may happen in the lower esophagus if there's reflux of gastric juices through cardiac sphincter |
| gastric ulcers | in the stomach usually from bacteria |
| duodenal ulcers | caused when the chyme entering the duodenum isn't sufficiently neutralized |
| intussuception | portion of the intestines folds back into itself resulting in obstruction of the intestines and possible ischemia |
| cirrhosis | formation of scar tissue in the liver |
| scar tissue will eventually | block blood flow to parts of the liver and interfere with the liver's ability to function properly |
| 2 main causes | excessive alcohol consumption and chronic hepatitis infection |
| hepatitis | inflammation of the liver |
| hepatitis a | virus caused by acute liver disease |
| hepatitis B | transmitted by contact with infected blood or other bodily fluids sexual contact mother to newborn shared needles |
| hepatitis C | spreads by contact with infected blood and by sharing contaminated needles |
| hepatitis d | rare in us very serious |
| hepatitis e | outbreaks are usually associated with contaminated water supplies |
| vomiting | irritation anywhere along the digestive tract and is controlled in the medulla oblongata's emetic center |
| food poisoning | caused by bacteria or toxins produced by bacteria |
| straphyloccus | contracted from a food handler |
| salmonellosis | bacteria in contaminated food |
| botulism | toxins made by a common bacterium found in soil |
| parasite | organism that lives on or in another organism and obtains nourishment |
| pinworms | small white worms commonly live in our digestive tract and feed on partially digested food |
| tapeworms | attaches to the intestinal wall by suckers and feed off the partially digested material passing by |
| malabsorption | inability to absorb the appropriate nutrients needed by the body |
| cavities | erosion through the enamel into the dentin of the tooth |
| gingivitis | inflammation of the gum |
| hairy leukoplakia | fuzzy white patches on the tongue caused by epstein-barr virus |
| periodonitis | inflammation of the ligaments that hold the teeth in place |
| cholecystitis | inflammation of the gallbladder |
| gallstones | condition in which cholesterol in bile percipitates the forming of gallstones in the gallbladder |
| appendicitis | inflammation of the appendix |
| colon cancer | cancer of the large intestine |
| constipation | result of too much water being reabsorbed from feces making feces hard to move |
| diarrhea | too much water being reabsorbed from feces resulting in runny stool |
| GERD | chronic leakage of gastric juices back to the esophagus |
| hemorrhoids | condition in which the increased pressure to push with constipation causes anal veins to bulge |
| polyps | precancerous growths in the large intestine |
| azot/o | nitrogen |
| cyst/o | urinary bladder |
| glomerul/o | glomerulus |
| nephr/o | kidney |
| pyel/o | renal pelvis |
| ur/o | urinary tract urine |
| ureter/o | ureter |
| urethr/o | urethra |
| major organs | kidney ureters urinary bladder urethra |
| accessory structures | lungs skin liver |
| functions | removal of metabolic wastes fluid and electrolyte balance acid-base balance blood pressure regulation |
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