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BIO101
Chapters 1 & 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 6 Bulk Elements that make up 95% of the body | Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorus |
| Carbon(c) | Controlling the Ph of the blood |
| Oxygen(o) | Important for aerobic exercise-65% of the human body |
| Hydrogen(h) | Important part of Amino Acid |
| Sulfur(s) | Proteins are mainly composed of carbon, Hydrogen & oxygen |
| Phosphorus(p) | mineral that makes up 1% of a person's total body weight, second most abundant mineral, present in every cell of the body. High quantity within bones and teeth |
| 2 Important Trace Elements | Iron & Iodine |
| Iron(Fe) | Regard for hemoglobin synthesis |
| Iodine(i) | Essential for Thyroid Hormones |
| Particles of Matter | Atom, Electrons, Protons, Atomic Number, Neutron, Atomic Mass & Ion |
| Atom | Smallest particles of an element that has the element's properties |
| Electrons | Extremely small particles that constantly orbit the nucleus within an atom: each carries a single negative electrical charge |
| Protons | Relatively Large particles in the atomic nucleus: carries a single positive electrical charge |
| Atomic Number | The number of protons in the element |
| Neutron | Large particle about the sane weight as a proton; carries 6 electrical charges |
| Atomic Mass | # of protons + Electrons |
| Ion | Particle that is electrically charged because it has gained or lost one or more electrons |
| Isotopes | Variations of an element that contain different numbers of neutrons (different atomic weights) but same number of protons & electrons |
| Molecule | Particle formed by the chemical union of two or more atoms of the same element |
| Compound | Particle formed when two or more atoms of different elements chemically combine |
| Chemical Bonds | Form when atoms combine with other atoms. They result from interactions between the electrons of the atoms |
| Ionic Bonds | Strong chemical bonds formed when ions of opposite charge attract each other |
| Cation | Positively charged Ion |
| Anion | Negatively charged Ion |
| Covalent Bonds | Strong chemical bonds, formed between atoms that share electrons. Ex:H2O |
| Nonpolar Covalent Bonds | Share electrons equally |
| Polar Covalent Bonds | Form polar molecules with unequal charge distribution |
| Hydrogen Bonds | Relatively weak attractions between adjacent polar molecules. Such as adjacent water molecules. Important for protein and nucleic acid struvtures |
| Types of Chemical reactions | Synthesis, Decomposition, Exchange, Reversible |
| Synthesis Reaction | More complex chemical structure is formed A+B=AB |
| Decomposition Reaction | Chemical bonds are broken to form a simpler chemical structure AB=A+B |
| Exchange Reaction | Chemical bonds are broken and new bonds are formed AB+CD=AD+CB |
| Reversible Reaction | The products can change back to the reactants |
| Electrolytes | Substances that dissociate to release hydrogen ions in water |
| Concentrations of acids and bases | Affect chemical reactions in living organisms |
| pH Scale | Used to evaluate the H+ion concentration and runs from 0-14 |
| Acids (Acid pH) | <7 |
| Bases (Basic pH) | >7 |
| Neutral pH | 7 |
| Normal Blood pH | 7.35-7.45 |
| Acidemia Blood pH | 7.0-7.3 |
| Acidosis Symptoms | Disoriented and Fatigued |
| Alkalemia Blood pH | 7.5-7.8 |
| Alkalosis Symptoms | Dizzy and Agitated |
| Buffers | Chemicals that resist pH change |
| Salts | Electrolytes formed by the reaction between an acid and a base |
| Chemical Constituents of Cells | Inorganic Molecules, Water, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, Inorganic salts |
| Inorganic Molecules | form ions and electrolytes |
| Water | The most abundant compound in living materials, Major Component of all body fluids |
| Oxygen | Used to release energy from nutrients to drive cell's metabolic activities, Necessary for survival |
| Carbon Dioxide | Odorless, colorless gas. Waste product from metabolism, the process your body uses to make energy from food you eat. |
| Inorganic Salts | Sodium(Na+), Chloride(C1-), Potassium(K+), Calcium(Ca+2) |
| Carbohydrates Contain | Sugar & Starches |
| Carbohydrates | The main source of cellular energy. Supplies materials to build cells |
| Size Classifications of Carbohydrates | Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides |
| Monosaccharides | Glucose & Fructose |
| Disaccharides | Sucrose & Lactose |
| Polysaccharides | Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose |
| Lipids | Insoluble in water |
| Triglycerides | Most abundant lipids |
| Saturated Fatty Acids | Only single carbon-carbon bonds & are of animal origin such as butter |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acids | One or more carbon-carbon double bond & are of plant origin such as olive oil |
| Proteins | Used as Structural materials, energy source, hormones, receptors, enzymes, antibodies |
| Amino Acids | Building blocks within proteins (Monomers) |
| 4 Levels of Protein Structure | Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary |
| Primary | Amino Acids Sequence |
| Secondary | Pleated or twisted structure formed by hydrogen bonding between nonadjacent amino acids |
| Tertiary | Unique 3- dimensional folded shape, or conformation, of the protein, which determines its function |
| Quaternary | Structure formed by some proteins, when 2 or more polypeptide chains are connected to become 1 protein |
| Denaturation | Change in structure of protein by heat, radiation, pH changes, chemicals |
| Nucleic Acids #1 | Carry Genetic code(DNA) or aid in protein synthesis (RNA) |
| DNA#1 | Stores Genetic Code |
| RNA#1 | Interacts with DNA to conduct Protein Synthesis |
| DNA#2 | Double chain of nucleotides |
| Nucleatides | Building Blocks Consisting of sugar, a phosphate group and an organic base |
| DNA#3 | Contains the sugar deoxyribose |
| DNA#4 | Unique ability to replicate themselves |
| RNA#2 | A single chain of nucleotides |
| RNA#3 | Contains the sugar ribose |
| Adenine(a) | Always pairs with Thymine(T) |
| Cytosine(C) | Always pairs with Guanine(G) |
| Homeostasis | The maintenance of a constant internal environment |
| Gradients | Substances move from high to low pressure and concentration ce |
| Feedback loops | Provide a path to homeostasis when a system instability is recognized |
| Balanced Homeostasis | Regained by replacing lost substances and eliminating excesses |
| Metabolism | The sum of the chemical reactions in a system |
| Respiration | Makes Energy |
| Digestion | Breaks down food into nutrients |
| Circulation | Moves chemicals and cells |
| Excertion | Removes waste |
| Food | Nutrients |
| Oxygen | Releases energy |
| Heat | Form of energy, Maintains body temp, Partly controls, rate of metabolism |
| Pressure | Application of force on an object |
| Atmospheric Pressure | Important for breathing |
| Hydrostatic Pressure | Keeps Blood Flowing |
| 3 Homeostatic Mechanisms | Receptor, Control Center, Effectors |
| Receptors | Detects a disrupting stimulus |
| Control Center | Maintains Set point |
| Effectors | Muscle or glands activate or deactive to move system back to set point |
| Negative Feedback | When the response to the change moves |
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