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Exam 2 History.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Name the author of The Jungle. | The author of The Jungle was UPTON SINCLAIR. In his 1906 book, he "TACKLED THE MEAT-PACKING INDUSTRY" as part of the "MUCKRAKING" journalism trend that "FLOURISHED FROM 1903 TO 1909". |
| Identify the best example of a mass-produced consumer product in the early 1900s. | The best example was HENRY FORD'S MODEL T AUTOMOBILE. Ford’s mass production in 1908 turned cars from toys to necessities, with a new car produced every ten seconds by 1914. |
| Know how Henry Ford showed enormous profits. | Henry Ford showed enormous profits by following "A SMALLER UNIT PROFIT ON A LARGER VOLUME OF SALES WOULD CREATE ENORMOUS PROFITS". He "LOWERED THE PRICE; SALES AND REVENUES ROSE". |
| Identify where Henry Ford got the idea for the moving assembly line. | Ford "GOT THE IDEA FOR THE MOVING ASSEMBLY LINE FROM THE CHICAGO MEAT-PACKERS," moving animal carcasses on trolleys. He installed the first moving line at his plant in 1913. |
| Name the leading financier in the United States in the early 1900s. | The leading financier was J. P. MORGAN. His firm "J. P. MORGAN AND COMPANY" operated an immense network and in 1913 "HELD 341 DIRECTORSHIPS IN 112 CORPORATIONS". |
| Know the consequence of the new industrial system on workers. | Industrial jobs became monotonous and dangerous with repetitive tasks and hazardous tools, long hours, and low pay, making workers just part of the machinery and losing pride. |
| Name the disaster which forced state and national attention on working conditions in factories and stores. | The TRIANGLE FIRE in March 1911 at the Triangle Shirtwaist Company in NYC killed 146, mostly young immigrant women. It led to 36 new labor laws in New York. |
| Know the status of African Americans at the beginning of the 20th century. | In the early 20th century, 8 of 10 African Americans lived in the rural South under rigid segregation, disfranchised by poll taxes, with over 1,000 lynched from 1900-1914. |
| Name the individual who took a gradualist approach to African American concerns. | BOOKER T. WASHINGTON took a "GRADUALIST APPROACH" emphasizing self-help, angering leaders like W. E. B. DU BOIS, who "DEMANDED...EQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY". |
| Name the organization which led the fight for equal rights and education. | The Niagara Movement, organized by W. E. B. Du Bois in 1905, focused on equal rights and allied with white reformers to form the NAACP, the most crucial civil rights group. |
| Identify the purpose of the American Federation of Labor in the first decade of the 20th century. | The AFL stayed focused on skilled crafts, improved wages, hours, and conditions, restricted entry, grew mainly with white male labor, and avoided minorities. |
| Name the leader of the American Federation of Labor. | The leader of the AFL was SAMUEL GOMPERS. He led from 1886 and served as president (except one year) until 1924. |
| Name the labor leader who advocated social revolution. | WILLIAM D. "BIG BILL" HAYWOOD, leader of the IWW, advocated social revolution and spoke of the final triumph of revolutionary industrial unionism. |
| Know what led to greater leisure time for workers. | "THE CHANGING NATURE OF WORK AND MECHANIZATION" led to more leisure. The industrial workweek fell from 60 to 51 hours from 1890 to 1920, giving people more time for play. |
| Identify which violent sport led to the establishment of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). | Football’s violence, with 18 killed and 150 injured in 1905, pushed President Roosevelt to call a conference, which led to the formation of the NCAA. |
| Identify a popular form of entertainment that drew from the immigrant experience. | VAUDEVILLE was "PROBABLY THE MOST POPULAR MASS ENTERTAINMENT IN THE EARLY TWENTIETH CENTURY", voicing city life and immigrants’ experiences in sketches, songs, and dances. |
| Know the purpose of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution. | The EIGHTEENTH AMENDMENT, ratified in 1919, prohibited "THE MANUFACTURE, SALE, AND TRANSPORTATION OF INTOXICATING LIQUORS," capping the "PURITY CRUSADE" by groups like the WCTU. |
| Know the purpose of the Nineteenth Amendment to the Constitution. | The NINETEENTH AMENDMENT, ratified in 1920, "GAVE WOMEN THE VOTE," granting women suffrage nationwide. |
| Name the most effective proponent of "social jurisprudence". | LOUIS BRANDEIS is described as "THE MOST EFFECTIVE PROPONENT" of "SOCIAL JURISPRUDENCE," a movement to interpret law as a living organism for a changing society. |
| Identify where the commission form of government was pioneered. | The commission form of government "WAS FIRST TRIED IN GALVESTON, TEXAS, IN 1901," after a tidal wave devastated the city. |
| Know Progressives' attitudes toward the commissions they championed. | Progressives "SAW THEM AS THE FOCUS OF PROGRESSIVE HOPES," considering them "BUSINESSLIKE AND EFFICIENT," composed typically of businessmen rather than politicians. |
| Name the most famous reform governor of the Progressive Era. | ROBERT M. LA FOLLETTE was "THE MOST FAMOUS REFORM GOVERNOR" of the Progressive Era, leading Wisconsin’s "WISCONSIN IDEA" reforms. |
| Name the individual Theodore Roosevelt invited to the White House which angered southerners. | BOOKER T. WASHINGTON’s invitation to the White House by Roosevelt in 1901 outraged the southern press, who attacked Roosevelt with "GUTTER LANGUAGE". |
| Know the response of President Theodore Roosevelt in the Great Coal Strike of 1902. | Roosevelt intervened directly in the GREAT COAL STRIKE OF 1902, threatening to use the army to seize mines, which led to a commission settling the strike. |
| Identify the act passed in response to Upton Sinclair's The Jungle. | The MEAT INSPECTION ACT was passed after Sinclair’s THE JUNGLE exposed appalling conditions in the meatpacking industry; Congress responded in 1906. |
| Identify a reason Roosevelt pushed to regulate the food and drug industry. | Roosevelt was motivated by muckrakers like SAMUEL HOPKINS ADAMS, whose Collier’s articles exposed dangerous patent medicines, leading to the PURE FOOD AND DRUG ACT. |
| Know Taft's greatest strength before becoming president. | TAFT’S greatest strength "WAS AS AN ADMINISTRATOR," with a strong career as judge, governor, and Secretary of War, yet he "DISLIKED POLITICAL MANEUVERING". |
| Know the candidates for president of the United States in 1912. | 1912 presidential candidates: WOODROW WILSON (Democrat), THEODORE ROOSEVELT (Progressive), WILLIAM H. TAFT (Republican), and EUGENE V. DEBS (Socialist). |
| Know the reason for Woodrow Wilson's victory in the election of 1912. | Wilson’s victory in 1912 was due to ROOSEVELT’S "BULL MOOSE" PARTY splitting the Republican vote. Wilson won with only 41.9 percent of the popular vote. |
| Name the political party Theodore Roosevelt was a candidate for in 1912. | In 1912, ROOSEVELT ran for the "PROGRESSIVE (OR 'BULL MOOSE') PARTY," having left the Republicans and stating, "I FEEL LIKE A BULL MOOSE". |
| Know the purpose of the Sixteenth Amendment to the Constitution. | The SIXTEENTH AMENDMENT, ratified in 1913, gave the government power to impose an income tax, crucial for replacing tariff revenue lost by the Underwood Tariff Act. |
| Know the purpose of the Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914. | The CLAYTON ANTI-TRUST ACT OF 1914 strengthened antitrust law, banned unfair trade, made officers liable, declared unions not conspiracies, and limited injunctions in labor disputes. |
| Name the agency established in 1914 to oversee business practices. | The "FEDERAL TRADE COMMISSION (FTC)" was created in 1914, with powers to investigate, demand reports, and halt "UNFAIR TRADE PRACTICES". |
| Know how Theodore Roosevelt saw his foreign policy. | Roosevelt promoted U.S. internationalism after acquiring the Panama Canal. His policy, the ROOSEVELT COROLLARY, warned Latin America of U.S. intervention if disorder arose. |
| Identify how Woodrow Wilson conducted foreign policy. | WILSON followed "MORAL DIPLOMACY," preferring principles over material interests, appointing pacifist Bryan as Secretary of State, and negotiating cooling-off treaties. |
| Know President Wilson's action in respect to Mexico. | Wilson refused to recognize VICTORIANO HUERTA, used a minor incident as a pretext to send marines to VERACRUZ, and ordered Pershing to pursue PANCHO VILLA across Mexico. |
| Know the belief of Americans at the beginning of World War I. | At the start of WORLD WAR I, Americans widely "ACCEPTED NEUTRALITY". President WILSON asked Americans to remain "IMPARTIAL IN THOUGHT AS WELL AS IN ACTION". |
| Know how American Progressives viewed World War I. | Progressives "DETESTED THE WAR", fearing it would "END REFORM" and divert money and attention, pulling the nation toward "MILITARISM". |
| Identify a consequence of the Sussex Pledge. | The Sussex Pledge led Germany to agree to cruiser warfare rules, causing a brief period of improved U.S.-German relations. It was contingent on ending the Allied blockade. |
| Name the candidate defeated by Woodrow Wilson in 1916. | CHARLES EVANS HUGHES, a Progressive governor from New York, lost to Wilson in 1916. Wilson won narrowly with "HE KEPT US OUT OF WAR" as his slogan. |
| Name the leader of the American Expeditionary Forces. | MAJOR GENERAL JOHN J. PERSHING led the AMERICAN EXPEDITIONARY FORCES (AEF), noted as "A TOUGH, RIGID DISCIPLINARIAN". |
| Know the makeup of the American Expeditionary Forces. | The AEF included draftees, volunteers, Guardsmen, 10,000 Native Americans, and 260,000 Black Americans drafted or enlisted. |
| Know the purpose of the Committee of Public Information. | The COMMITTEE OF PUBLIC INFORMATION was made "TO PUBLICIZE THE WAR," employing "FOUR-MINUTE MEN" to give short speeches and portray the war as a "CRUSADE FOR FREEDOM AND DEMOCRACY". |
| Identify what the United States government relied primarily on to finance the war effort. | The U.S. government relied mainly on "BORROWING" through "LIBERTY BONDS" to finance WWI, raising about two-thirds of the war cost; the rest came from new taxes. |
| Know President Wilson's reaction when Communist Bolsheviks gained control of the Russian government in 1917. | Wilson sent 15,000 troops to Russia, joined a blockade, gave support to anti-Bolshevik forces, and refused to recognize the Bolshevik regime. |
| Know the purpose of the War Industries Board during World War I. | The WAR INDUSTRIES BOARD "COORDINATED THE NATIONAL ECONOMY," conserved materials, standardized products, and fixed prices, like setting steel output and shoe styles. |
| Name the head of the Food Administration during World War I. | HERBERT HOOVER led the FOOD ADMINISTRATION, aimed at "SAVING FOOD AND BOOSTING PRODUCTION" with the slogan "FOOD WILL WIN THE WAR". |
| Know the status of organized labor during World War I. | During WWI, "ORGANIZED LABOR GREW IN SIZE AND POWER"; the AFL and other unions rose to over 4 million members, and the War Labor Board protected labor’s rights and standardized wages. |
| Name the head of the War Labor Board. | The WAR LABOR BOARD was co-headed by former president TAFT and lawyer FRANK P. WALSH. |
| Identify where the American economy saw explosive growth in the 1920s. | The "CONSUMER GOODS INDUSTRIES" saw explosive growth; the automobile industry became largest, fostering new industries in steel, paint, glass, rubber, and gasoline. |
| Know the key to the new affluence of the 1920s. | The key to new affluence was "TECHNOLOGY": Ford’s assembly line created mass production, and electric motors replaced steam, powering factories. |
| Know the effect of the automobile in the 1920s. | The automobile "CHANGED AMERICAN LIFE," allowing suburban living, breaking rural isolation, and giving couples an easy way to escape parental supervision. |
| Identify the weakest area of the American economy in the 1920s. | "AGRICULTURE" was the weakest economic sector and troubled, while railroads, coal, and cotton textiles declined in the 1920s. |
| Identify the group which benefited most from the economic gains of the 1920s. | The "MIDDLE AND UPPER CLASSES" benefited most, with corporate profits nearly doubling during the decade. |
| Know what the National Woman's Party campaigned for during the 1920s. | The NATIONAL WOMAN'S PARTY, led by ALICE PAUL, campaigned for the EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT, introduced in Congress in 1923. |
| Name the American writer who had the greatest impact on other American writers. | ERNEST HEMINGWAY was "THE MOST INFLUENTIAL OF THE POSTWAR WRITERS". |
| Name the leading social critic of the 1920s. | H. L. MENCKEN was "THE LEADING SOCIAL CRITIC" of the 1920s. |
| Identify James Weldon Johnson. | JAMES WELDON JOHNSON was a leader of the "NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE (NAACP)". |
| Know the reason for the Red Scare of 1919. | The RED SCARE resulted from World War I's nationalism, the 1917 Russian Revolution, labor unrest, and a series of bombings in 1919 frightening many Americans about Bolshevism. |
| Name a prominent political leader who spoke out against the Red Scare. | SENATOR MARGARET CHASE SMITH |
| Know the result of Prohibition. | PROHIBITION "WAS A TOTAL FAILURE", created disrespect for law, big bootlegging business, and vast new criminal enterprises. |
| Name the famous female evangelist of the 1920s. | AIMEE SEMPLE MCPHERSON, "MOST FAMOUS OF THE EVANGELISTS", built the Angelus Temple in Los Angeles. |
| Name the biology teacher in the famous evolution trial of 1925. | JOHN THOMAS SCOPES, "A TWENTY-FOUR-YEAR-OLD BIOLOGY TEACHER" from DAYTON, TENNESSEE, was tried in 1925. |
| Name the chief figure in the Tea Pot Dome Scandal. | ALBERT B. FALL, Secretary of the Interior, was the "CHIEF FIGURE IN THE TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL," leasing oil reserves in return for bribes. |
| Name the Democratic candidate in the 1928 presidential election. | GOVERNOR AL SMITH OF NEW YORK was the Democratic candidate in 1928. |
| Know President Hoover's belief on unemployment relief. | President HOOVER "REJECTED ALL REQUESTS FOR DIRECT FEDERAL RELIEF", fearing handouts would undermine citizens’ character. |
| Identify the programs of the Hoover administration to improve the Depression. | HOOVER'S programs were based on "VOLUNTARISM". He got leaders to agree to keep prices and wages high, urged public works, and formed the RFC to loan money to banks. |
| Know the best description of Hoover's response to the Depression. | HOOVER was "A PRISONER OF HIS IDEOLOGY" relying on voluntarism, forecasting recovery, blaming foreign causes, rejecting federal aid, and ultimately failing to solve the Depression. |
| Name the person Americans blamed for the Depression. | President HOOVER was blamed after ordering the army to clear out the "BONUS ARMY" in 1932. His failed efforts shifted hopes to ROOSEVELT. |
| Identify the term "Hundred Days". | The "HUNDRED DAYS" was a special Congress session called by ROOSEVELT, producing a flood of legislation between March and June after his inauguration. |
| Know the purpose of Roosevelt's Hundred Days banking legislation. | The purpose was "GOVERNMENT SUPERVISION AND AID TO THE BANKS", reopening strong banks, closing weak ones, reorganizing others, and restoring public confidence. |
| Identify the purpose of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). | The TVA aimed for regional planning: building dams in seven states to control floods, ease navigation, and generate electricity for development. |
| Identify which agency used the Blue Eagle symbol. | The "NATIONAL RECOVERY ADMINISTRATION (NRA)" adopted the BLUE EAGLE as its symbol. |
| Identify which New Deal program(s) the Supreme Court ruled unconstitutional. | The Supreme Court "FOUND THE NRA UNCONSTITUTIONAL". The "AGRICULTURAL ADJUSTMENT ADMINISTRATION (AAA)" was also ruled unconstitutional. |
| Know the actions of the federal government under the Agricultural Adjustment Act in respect to farmers. | The AAA allocated acreage among farmers and paid subsidies to reduce production, funded by a tax on food processors. Farmers were paid to plow under crops and kill piglets. |
| Identify how Franklin Roosevelt's initial New Deal legislation was viewed. | The New Deal was a psychological success: "THE NATION TURNED THE CORNER IN THE HUNDRED DAYS", restoring confidence via "FIRESIDE CHATS," and inspiring hope after 1929. |
| Know the contents of Father Coughlin's radio sermons. | FATHER COUGHLIN’S radio sermons mixed crank monetary schemes with anti-Semitism, denounced the New Deal as "PAGAN DEAL," and called for monetary inflation and bank nationalization. |
| Identify the group Francis Townsend advocated that the federal government pay $200 a month. | FRANCIS TOWNSEND’S plan "ADVOCATED THAT THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT PAY $200 A MONTH TO EVERYONE OVER THE AGE OF 60". |
| Know the ideology advocated by Huey Long. | HUEY LONG'S "'SHARE THE WEALTH' MOVEMENT" called to "SOAK THE RICH," seizing fortunes over $5 million, imposing high income taxes, and giving families a homestead and annual income. |
| Know the purpose of the National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act. | The WAGNER ACT "GUARANTEED LABOR’S RIGHT TO ORGANIZE AND BARGAIN COLLECTIVELY," creating a board for labor relations and outlawing unfair practices. |
| Name the organization founded by John L. Lewis in 1935. | In 1935, JOHN L. LEWIS formed the "COMMITTEE FOR INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATION (CIO)". |
| Know the purpose of the Congress of Industrial Organizations. | The CIO, originally committee for industrial organization, aimed "TO ORGANIZE UNSKILLED WORKERS IN BASIC INDUSTRIES," contrasting with the craft union-focused AFL. |
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