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perception
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| perception | organize sensations into meaningful patterns |
| selective attention | The process by which you focus your conscious awareness on a particular stimulus while filtering out other stimuli in the environment. -cocktail party effect, divided attention, change blindness/ inattentional blindness |
| cocktail party effect | Ability to focus ur attention on a single conversation/ stimulus in noisy environment while still being able to detect relevant information, from unattended stimuli. -in loud room, hear someone say ur name from across big room, ur attention goes to them |
| divided attention | stroop effect The ability to focus on and perform more than one task or source of information at the same time. |
| change blindness/ inattentional blindnes | CB: don't notice the change IB: don't notice the change because your not paying attention, The failure to notice a fully visible but unexpected object because your attention is focused on something else. |
| perceptual sets | (expectations) readiness to perceive in a particular manner based off of expectations- schemas (organize) create |
| schemas | organize, create A mental framework or organized collection of knowledge that helps us interpret and understand information, experiences, and the world around us. |
| bottom-up processing | build up small sensory units to create big picture -organizing perception by beginning with low-level features |
| top-down processing | use pre-existing knowledge to organize -perception guided by prior knowledge or expectations |
| culture influence | (muller-lyer illusion) The way that a person’s culture—shared beliefs, values, norms, and practices—shapes their thoughts, behaviors, perceptions, and development. |
| constancies | size constancy, shape constancy, brightness/ color constancy |
| size constancy | object stays the same |
| shape constancy | shape stays the same |
| brightness/ color constancy | objects are constant color |
| perceiving motion | stroboscopic effect, phi phenomenon |
| stroboscopic effect | rapid images perceive as moving (flip book, movie film) The perception of continuous movement from a rapid series of slightly varying images. |
| phi phenomenon | lights next to each other blink creating movement The illusion of motion that occurs when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession, making it look like a single light is moving. |
| gestalt psychology | organize the "whole" (gestalt) "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts" |
| gestalt principles | closure, figure and ground, proximity, similarity |
| closure | instead of a full figure, parts of it are missing, and your brain closes the gaps |
| figure and ground | main focus you're looking at and background |
| proximity | location A Gestalt principle of perception in which we tend to group objects that are close to each other as belonging together. |
| similarity | grouping based upon similarity |
| depth cues | depth perception, visual cliff Signals in the environment—either monocular (one eye) or binocular (both eyes)—that allow us to perceive the distance and three-dimensionality of objects. |
| depth perception | ability to see 3D and judge distance (2 eyes) The ability to see objects in three dimensions and judge their distance from us, even though the images on our retinas are two-dimensional. |
| visual cliff | (fear of heights) purpose: to look at depth -Is it learned (nurture) or born with (nature)? |
| binocular cues (two eyes) | Depth cues that require the use of both eyes to perceive distance and three-dimensional depth. -retinal disparity, convergence |
| retinal disparity | retinal differences in right and left eye -eyes are 2.5 inches apart |
| convergence | merging of retinal images |
| monocular cues (one eye) | Depth cues that require only one eye to perceive distance, depth, or three-dimensionality. -relative clarity, relative size, texture gradient, linear perspective, interposition |
| relative clarity | A monocular depth cue in which objects that appear clearer and sharper are perceived as closer, while hazier or less distinct objects are perceived as farther away. -judges distance based on how clear of hazy an object appears |
| relative size | In which if 2 objects are assumed to be the same size, the 1 that appears smaller is perceived as farther. -the brain perceives that 2 objects are similar in size, but 1 that casts a smaller retinal images is perceived as being farther |
| texture gradient | A monocular depth cue in which objects with a fine, detailed texture appear closer, while objects with a smoother, less detailed texture appear farther away. -can't see true texture the farther the object gets |
| linear perspective | monocular depth cues in which parallel lines appear to converge as they recede into the distance, giving the viewer a sense of depth and distance |
| interposition | where one object partially blocking another object is perceived as being closer |
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