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CH17Gluconeogenesis
Biochem Exam 3 content
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what is the major site of gluconeogenesis? | Liver |
| minor site of gluconeogenesis? | kidneys |
| What are the enzymes in order for this: Lactate-->pyruvate-->glucose | LDH and gluconeogenesis |
| What are the major precursors for glucose synthesis? | Lactate, Amino Acids, and Glycerol |
| Where is lactate produced? | in the muscles during lactic acid fermentation by lactate dehydrogenase |
| The carbon skeletons of some amino acids can be | converted into gluconeogenic intermediates |
| Glycerol is derived from the | hydrolysis of triacylglycerols |
| Pyruvates conversion to PEP takes __ steps | 2 |
| What are those 2 steps? | 1. pyruvate to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase 2. oxaloacetate transported to cytosol to be converted to PEP by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase |
| biotin is an ___________ carrier of CO2 | activated |
| pyruvate carboxylase requires ______ which is covalently attached as a coenzyme | biotin |
| oxaloacetate is shuttled into the _________ | cytoplasm |
| oxaloacetate is reduced by : ? | malate dehydrogenase |
| malate is transported across the mitochondrial __________ and then reoxidized into __________ which generates ____ | membrane, oxaloacetate, NADH |
| In gluconeogenesis, the formation of PEP from pyruvate utilizes a | carboxylation and a decarboxylation |
| What is the irreversible step? | F16-BP --> F6P |
| The generation of free glucose, which occurs essentially only in the ______ is the ______ step in gluconeogenesis. | liver, final |
| T/F Gluconeogenesis requires energy input | True |
| Gluconeogenesis and glycolysis are _________ regulated | reciprocally |
| What is The key regulator of glucose metabolism in the liver? | fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. |
| When is glucagon secreted? | When blood glucose is low (Glucagon stimulates PFK) |
| The glucagon signaling pathway leads to the __________ of the bifunctional enzyme (PFK), which inhibits the kinase and stimulates the phosphatase | phosphorylation |
| Glycolysis is inhibited when which enzyme is activated? (Therefore activating gluconeogenesis) | FBPase2 |
| If glycolysis and gluconeogenesis were to occur simultaneous, what would be the net loss of high phosphoryl-transfer potential molecules for every glucose > pyruvate > glucose conversion? | 4 |
| Forming one glucose molecule from two pyruvate molecules via gluconeogenesis requires the use of __ ATP, __GTP, __NADH | 4, 2, 2 |
| Which process does not take place entirely in the cytoplasm? | gluconeogenesis |
| Where does gluconeogenesis occur? (name the 3 places) | mitochondria, cytosol (partly cytoplasm), and ER (where a free glucose is produced) |
| T/F The formation of glucose by gluconeogenesis occurs robustly in all cells. | False |
| Where does G6P exist where it gets converted into ER? | the ER |
| The enzyme F 1,6-BP is a _______ | hydrolase |
| Why don't we want gluconeogenesis and glycolysis to happen at the same time? | Bc we would waste a lot of energy so gluconeogenesis and glycolysis are reciprocally regulated. |
| Step 1? pyruvate --> | oxaloacetate |
| Enzyme step 1? | pyruvate decarboxylase |
| Step 2? oxaloacetate --> | PEP |
| Enzyme step 2? | PEP carboxyl kinase |
| Step 3? PEP --> | 2-phosphoglycerate |
| Enzyme step 3? | Enolase |
| Step 4? 2-phosphoglycerate--> | 3-phosphoglycerate |
| Enzyme step 4? | phosphoglycerate mutase |
| Step 5? 3-phosphoglycerate --> | 1,3-BPG |
| Enzyme step 5? | phosphoglycerate kinase |
| Step 6? 1,3-BPG --> | GAP |
| Enzyme step 6? | GAP dehydrogenase |
| Step 7? GAP --> | F 1,6-BPG |
| Enzyme step 7? | aldolase |
| Step 8? F 1,6-BPG --> | F6P |
| Enzyme step 8? | F 1,6-Bisphosphatase |
| Step 9? F6P --> | G6P |
| Enzyme step 9? | Phosphoglucose isomerase |
| Step 10? G6P--> | glucose |
| Enzyme step 10? | G6Pase |
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