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CH16 glycolysis
Biochem exam 3 content
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the products of glycolysis? | 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 NADH |
| how much pyruvate do we get from glycolysis? | 2 |
| How much ATP do we get from glycolysis? | 4 |
| how much NADH do we get from glycolysis? | 2 |
| what gets converted into 2 pyruvate? | glucose |
| what gets converted into 4 ATP? | 2 ATP |
| what gets converted into 2 NADH? | 2 NAD+ |
| How many steps does glycolysis have? | 10 which occur in 2 phases |
| Where does glycolysis take place? | cytoplasm |
| Stage 1 =? | energy investment |
| Stage 1 involves trapping | glucose molecule inside the cell |
| Stage 2= ? | energy harvesting |
| Step 1 glucose---> | G6P |
| enzyme for step 1? | hexokinase |
| Step2 G6P ---> | F6P |
| enzyme for step 2? | phosphoglucose isomerase |
| Step 3 F6P ---> | F1,6-BP (Fructose 1,6-Bisohosphate) |
| enzyme for step 3 ? | phosphofructokinase (PFK) |
| Step 4 F1,6-BP ---> | DHAP (dihydroxyacetone phosphate) |
| enzyme for step 4 ---> | aldolase |
| Step 5 DHAP ---> | GAP (Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) |
| enzyme for step 5? | triose phosphate isomerase |
| Step 6 GAP ---> | 1,3-BPG |
| enzyme for step 6? | GAP dehydrogenase |
| Step 7 1,3-BPG ---> | 3-phopshoglycerate |
| enzyme for step 7? | phopshoglycerate kinase |
| Step 8: 3-phosphoglycerate ---> | 2-phosphoglycerate |
| enzyme for step 8? | phosphoglycerate mutase |
| Step 9: 2-phosphoglycerate ---> | PEP (phosphoenolpyruvate) |
| enzyme for step 9? | enolase |
| Step 10: PEP---> | pyruvate |
| enzyme for step 10? | pyruvate kinase |
| what type of enzyme is hexokinase? | transferase (transfers phosphoryl groups) |
| what type of enzyme is phosphoglucose isomerase? | a type of isomerase (rearranges groups within itself) |
| *what type of enzyme is phosphofructokinase? | transferase |
| Which step of glycolysis is the committed step of glycolysis? | step 5 with PFK |
| what type of enzyme is aldolase? | lyase (breaks bonds w/o water of redox often forming new double bonds) |
| what type of enzyme is triose phosphate isomerase? | isomerase (oxidoreductase) |
| what type of enzyme is GAP dehydrogenase? | oxidoreductase |
| What type of enzyme is phosphoglycerate kinase? | transferase |
| what type of enzyme is phosphoglycerate mutase? | isomerase |
| what type of enzyme is enolase? | lyase |
| what type of enzyme is pyruvate kinase? | transferase |
| Which Steps use ATP? | Step 1 & 3 |
| Which steps generate/produce ATP? | Step 7 & 10 |
| Which step is NADH produced? | Step 6 |
| Which step is the end of stage 1? | Step 5 |
| Which step typically requires Magnesium as a cofactor? | Step 1 |
| OILRIG | Oxidation is Loss Reduction is Gain |
| Step 6 uses ____ as a coenzyme | NAD+ |
| where is the thioester intermediate formed? | Step 6 & exhibits covalent catalysis |
| How is ATP formed in Step 7? | by phosphoryl transfer from 1,3-BPG |
| What are the products of Step 10? | ATP and pyruvate |
| Why is everything doubled in stage 2? | Because there are 2 GAP molecules. |
| How did we get 2 GAP molecules for every glucose? | bc step 4 makes DHAP + GAP then DHAP is turned into a second GAP |
| Glycolysis is an ___________ process | anaerobic bc it can occur w or w/o oxygen |
| why is it important for the cell to enter the committed step of glycolysis? | So that the process becomes negative (-deltaG) and glycolysis is pushed forward in the right direction |
| Without NAD+, glycolysis _______ occur & NAD+ is _______ than FADH because it gives _____ energy | cannot, better, more |
| After glycolysis we are headed down this route: pyruvate ----------->Acetyl CoA ---> ? | further oxidation |
| What is the purpose of Lactic acid fermentation? | To generate NAD+ |
| What catalyzes Lactic Acid Fermentation? | Lactate dehydrogenase |
| Lactic Acid fermentation is the conversion of glucose into: | 2 molecules of lactate |
| Which fermentation occurs in humans? | Lactic Acid fermentation |
| Which fermentation occurs in yeast and bacteria? | alcohol fermentation |
| Glycolysis in muscle is regulated by? | feedback inhibition |
| Low ATP/AMP = | stimulates phosphofructokinase |
| Glycolysis helps pancreatic beta cells sense _____. | glucose |
| Insulin is secreted by : | pancreatic beta cells |
| Glycolysis is inhibited @: | rest |
| glycolysis is stimulated @: | during exercise |
| β-cells sense glucose because glycolysis and oxidation ______ ATP levels which close K⁺ channels, depolarize the membrane, open Ca²⁺ channels, and trigger _______release. | raise, insulin |
| Is glycolysis anabolic or catabolic? | catabolic |
| Which activated carrier is used mainly for fuel oxidation? | NADH |
| What is the primary role of catabolic pathways in cellular metabolism? | They oxidize energy-rich molecules to drive the synthesis of ATP and/or establish ion gradients |
| Glycolysis results in the net formation of __ molecules of pyruvate, ___ molecules of ATP, & __molecules of NADH. | 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH |
| The conversion of one molecule of glucose into two molecules of ethanol results in the net synthesis of __ NADH & __ ATP. | 0 NADH, 2 ATP |
| The interconversion of DHAP and GAP greatly favors the formation of DHAP at equilibrium. Yet the conversion of DHAP by triose phosphate isomerase proceeds readily. Why? | The GAP formed is immediately removed by subsequent reactions. |
| Once _____________ is formed from glucose, the molecule is committed to undergoing the rest of glycolysis. | F1,6-BP |
| At the end of glycolysis, most of the energy from the original glucose molecule is stored in | pyruvate |
| T/F Glycolysis takes place entirely inside of the cytoplasm. | True |
| T/F Formation of ATP during glycolysis is an energetically unfavorable reaction (endergonic) since a high energy molecule is being formed. | False |
| Enzymes with large negative ΔG values in metabolic pathways are the most likely sites of regulation. | True |
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