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AP Bio - Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| characteristics of life | organization, metabolism, responsiveness, growth, development, reproduction |
| prokaryotes | Cells that do not contain nuclei, bacteria and archea |
| eukaryotes | Cells that contain nuclei and membrane bound organelles |
| endosymbiosis | when one prokaryote ate another and created a eukaryote |
| cyanobacteria | bacteria that can carry out photosynthesis |
| how eukaryotes existed | 1. only prokaryotes 2. cyanobacteria used photosynthesis to make food + oxygen -> ozone 3. larger cells engulfed smaller ones = endosymbiosis 4. Engulfed bacteria became mitochondria + engulfed cyanobacteria became chloroplast -> eukaryotes |
| cohesion | Attraction between molecules of the same substance |
| adhesion | An attraction between molecules of different substances |
| capillary action | the attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface of a solid |
| surface tension | A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid |
| high heat capacity | absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before changing temperature |
| phospholipid | a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes with polar hydrophillic made of a phosphate group and 2 fatty acid tails |
| cellulose | carb that is rigid and provides structure for the cell wall |
| starch | bent shape and stores energy in plants |
| glycogen | bent shape and stores energy in animals |
| condensation reaction | take water out to make a bond |
| hydrolisis | add water to break a bond |
| triglycerides | lipids with a glycerol and 3 fatty acid tails |
| saturated fats | solid at room temperature, saturated with H, rigid (animals) |
| unsaturated fats | liquid at room temperature, double bonds create kinky structure (plants) |
| Aphipathic | having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts |
| nitrogenous bases | adenine, uracil (RNA), thymine (DNA), cytosine, guanine |
| purine | double-ringed nitrogenous base; adenine and guanine |
| pyrimide | single-ringed nitrogenous bases; cytosine and thymine |
| bonds in DNA | phosphodiester (between nucleotides) hydrogen (between nitrogenous bases --> C+G have 3 H bonds) |
| structures in proteins | 1 = number and order of amino acids, peptide bonds between them 2 = H bonds and folding of amino acid chain to make beta pleated sheets and alpha helixes 3 = 3D folding 4 = more than one protein |
| competitive inhibitor | binds to active site and blocks substrate |
| non-competetive inhibitor | binds to the allosteric site instead of the active site, changes the shape of the active site so that the substrate can no longer bind (is reversible) |
| allosteric | changes shape |
| ideal SA:volume ratio | large ratio is better |
| what passes directly through membrane? | non-polar, small molecules |
| process to make proteins in cell | 1. Nucleus: DNA -> transcription -> mRNA. mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to a ribosome 2. Rough ER: ribosome reads mRNA and builds amino acid chain. protein is folded + leaves in a vesicle. 3. Golgi body: protein is modified, sorted, and packaged |
| smooth ER | detoxifies, stores calcium, and makes lipids |
| mitochondria | converts glucose into ATP, cristae (inner membrane) increases SA to make more ATP |
| osmolatiry vs water potential | Water potential measures the tendency of water to move from one area to another, while osmolarity measures the concentration of solute particles in a solution, as osmolarity increases, water potential decreases. |
| hypertonic | solution with a greater concentration of solutes so cells shrink |
| hypotonic | solution with smaller concentration of solute so cell swells and in animal bursts, in plants has good turgor pressure |
| signal transduction pathway | 1. ligand is the chemical messenger 2. ligand binds to receptor and a channel is opened 3. cellular response occurs |
| hormones | travel through the bloodstream |
| juxtacrine signals | affects touching cells |
| autocrine signals | act on the same cell --> cell self destruction |
| paracrine | acts on nearby cells --> neurons |
| cyclic AMP | secondary messenger, amplifies message |
| protein kinase receptor | catalyze phosphorylation of themselves and/or other proteins |
Created by:
lreynal