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POLS
Exam 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Euphemism | inoffensive or positive words that avoid the harsh unpleasment reality |
| Jargon | is a spealized language of trade or profession, within a group it is verbal shorthand and is not doublespeak |
| bureaucratese | is pilling on the words or overwhelming the auidence with words |
| inflated language | is designed to make the country seem extradentary |
| journalism | the process and profession of collecting and disseminating the news |
| muckraking | a style of investigative reporting that uncovered many scandals and abuses |
| yellow journalism | sensationalized organs of half-truth and lies usually associated with large daily papers |
| tabloid | comparatively small pages providing news that is simplistic or sensationalist |
| civil liberty | individual freedom guaranteed to the people primarily by the bill of rights |
| 1st amendment | establishment clause, free exercise; freedom of speech, of the press and of assembly; right to petition |
| 2nd amendment | militia, sovereign state, right to keep and bear arms |
| 3rd amendment | protection from quartering of troops |
| 4th amendment | protection from unreasonable search and seizure |
| 5th amendment | due process, double jeopardy, self-incrimination, eminent domain |
| 6th amendment | trial by jury and rights to the accused; confrontation clause, speedy trial, public trial, right to counsel |
| 7th amendment | civil trial by jury |
| 8th amendment | prohibition of excessive bail and cruel and unusual punishment |
| 9th amendment | protection of rights not specially enumerated in the constitution |
| 10th amendment | powers of states and people |
| civil rights | citizenship rights guaranteed to the people (primarily in the 13th, 14th, 15th, 19th, and 26th amendments) |
| 13th amendment | abolished slavery. allowed congress to enforce abolition |
| 14th amendment | defines citizenship. contains: privileges or immunities clause, the due process clause, the equal protection clause |
| 15th amendment | prohibits the denial of suffrage based on race, color, or previous conditions or servitude |
| 19th amendment | prohibits any US citizens to be denied the right to vote on the basis of gender |
| 26th amendment | the right of citizens of the United States who are eighteen years of age or older to vote shall not be denied or abridge by the US or by any state on account of age |
| Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) | established the constitutionality of the principle "separate but equal" |
| Brown vs. board of education | rejected the idea that separated could be equal in education; served as a catalyst for the civil rights movement |
| civil rights act of 1964 | outlawed major forms of discrimination against blacks and women, including racial segregation |
| cabinet-levels department | one of the major subdivisions of the FEDERAL government represented in the president's cabinet |
| independent agencies | government organizations independent of the department but with a narrow policy focus |
| regulatory boards and commissions | government organizations that regulate various business industries or economic sectors |
| government corporations | companies created by congress to prove to the public a good service that private enterprise cannot or will not profitably provide |
| bureaucracy | an organization characterized by hierarchal structure, worker specialization, explicit rule, advanced by merit |
| explicit rules | bureaucracy jobs are governed by rules rather than by bureaucracy own feelings of judgement about how the jobs should be done |
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