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| ## | #### |
|---|---|
| Cholesterol | Used to help stiffen and strengthen membrane |
| plasmodesmata | Cell junction type where channels are connecting plants cells through cell walls |
| Enzymatic Proteins | Involved in specific chemical reactions. |
| Receptor Proteins | Accept/contain a certain molecule in the active site, causing the cell to turn a function on or off. |
| Channel Protein | Allows a particular ion or molecule to cross the membrane. |
| Intermediate Filaments | Function in shape or structure; Protein filaments; Cannot assemble & disassemble. |
| Actin Filaments | Function in movement; Can move entire cell or organelles; Long thin Protein Filaments; Assemble & Disassemble; ex) muscles, pseudopods, chloroplast movement. |
| Nucleolus | Dark staining spot in the nucleus; Manufactures Ribosomes |
| Capsule | Layer surrounding the plasma membrane in prokaryotic cells |
| Surface area to volume ratio | Size is limited by this ratio |
| Stroma | The fluid-filled space inside chloroplasts surrounding the thylakoids, containing enzymes for the Calvin cycle (photosynthesis). |
| Cristae | The folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane that increase the surface area for ATP production during cellular respiration. |
| Pinocytosis | A form of endocytosis where cells take in fluids and dissolved substances, known as "cell drinking". |
| Phagocytosis | A type of endocytosis where cells engulf large particles or other cells, often referred to as "cell eating". |
| Concentration Gradient | The difference in the concentration of a substance across a space, driving the movement of molecules during diffusion and osmosis. |
| Glycoproteins | Proteins with carbohydrate chains attached that play roles in cell recognition and signaling processes. |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | A model describing the cell membrane structure, where lipids and proteins move laterally within the bilayer, maintaining fluidity and function. |
| Peroxisomes | Organelles involved in lipid metabolism and the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide, containing enzymes that facilitate these reactions. |
| Nucleoplasm | The semi-fluid medium inside the nucleus, analogous to cytoplasm, where various nuclear components are suspended. |
| Nuclear Envelope | A double membrane surrounding the nucleus, containing nuclear pores that regulate the entry and exit of materials. |
| Cytoplasm | The jelly-like substance within the cell membrane that contains organelles and is the site for many metabolic reactions. |
| Gap Junctions | Channels that allow for the direct transfer of ions and small molecules between adjacent cells, facilitating communication. |
| Tight Junctions | Connections that create a water-tight seal between cells, preventing the passage of materials between them. |
| Adhesion Junctions | Intercellular connections that allow for cells to link together via cytoskeletal filaments, providing structural integrity. |
| Cell Junctions | Specialized connections between cells that facilitate communication and adhesion, including tight junctions, gap junctions, and adhesion junctions. |
| Exocytosis | The process by which cells expel materials in vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane and release their contents outside the cell. |
| Endocytosis | A process where cells engulf external substances, forming vacuoles to transport materials into the cell. |
| Active Transport | The movement of molecules across a membrane against their concentration gradient, requiring energy (ATP). |
| Hypertonic Solution | A solution with a higher solute concentration outside the cell, causing water to leave and leading to crenation in animal cells. |
| Hypotonic Solution | A solution with a lower solute concentration outside the cell, causing water to enter and potentially leading to lysis in animal cells. |
| Isotonic Solution | A solution where the solute concentration is equal inside and outside the cell, resulting in no net movement of water. |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane, driven by solute concentration gradients. |
| Diffusion | The passive movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached. |
| Selectively Permeable | A characteristic of membranes that allow certain substances to pass while restricting others, based on size and polarity. |
| Phospholipid Bilayer | A double-layer of phospholipids that forms the fundamental structure of cell membranes, with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. |
| Flagella | Long, whip-like structures that aid in cellular locomotion, with a distinct 9-2 arrangement of microtubules. |
| Cilia | Short, hair-like structures that extend from the cell surface and are involved in movement and sensory functions. |
| Microtubules | Hollow protein structures that are part of the cytoskeleton and play roles in cell shape, movement, and cell division. |
| Cytoskeleton | A network of protein filaments and tubules that provide structural support, facilitate movement, and compartmentalize the cell. |
| Endosymbiotic Theory | The evolutionary theory that explains how mitochondria and chloroplasts originated from prokaryotic cells engulfed by ancestral eukaryotes. |
| Mitochondria | Organelles responsible for cellular respiration, converting glucose into ATP, the energy currency of the cell. |
| Chloroplasts | Organelles in plants that capture light energy for photosynthesis, converting carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. |
| Vacuoles | Storage organelles that can vary in number and size; large in plant cells, smaller in animal cells. |
| Lysosomes | Membrane-bound vesicles containing digestive enzymes that break down waste materials and cellular debris. |
| Golgi Apparatus | An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | A series of membranes involved in the synthesis and transport of proteins (Rough ER) and lipids (Smooth ER). |
| Ribosomes | Molecular structures responsible for protein synthesis, composed of rRNA and proteins. |
| Nucleus | The control center of a eukaryotic cell that contains genetic material (DNA). |
| Eukaryotic Cells | Cells with a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles, including plants, animals, fungi, and protists. |
| Prokaryotic Cells | Cells without a membrane-bound nucleus or organelles; primarily consists of Bacteria and Archaea. |
| Cell Theory | A fundamental theory stating that living things are composed of one or more cells, and that all cells arise from pre-existing cells. |
| Cells | The basic unit of life, which can exist as unicellular or multicellular organisms. |
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