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Bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell Membrane | The cell membrane is made of a phospholipid bilayer that controls what enters and leaves the cell. |
| Phospholipid bilayer | A structure composed of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails that forms the cell membrane. |
| Hydrophilic head | The water-loving, polar part of a phospholipid. |
| Hydrophobic tail | The water-fearing, nonpolar part of a phospholipid. |
| Functions of Cell Membrane | Protects the cell, maintains homeostasis, regulates transport of materials, allows communication between cells. |
| Passive Transport | Transport of molecules from high concentration to low concentration without energy. |
| Diffusion | Movement of small molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide through the membrane. |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Movement of larger or charged molecules through protein channels or carrier proteins. |
| Osmosis | Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane through aquaporins. |
| Active Transport | Transport of molecules from low concentration to high concentration using energy (ATP). |
| Sodium-Potassium Pump | An example of active transport that moves 3 Na⁺ ions out and 2 K⁺ ions in. |
| Bulk Transport | Transport method involving the movement of large quantities of materials into or out of the cell. |
| Endocytosis | The process where the cell membrane folds inward to take materials into the cell. |
| Phagocytosis | A type of endocytosis known as cell eating, involving solid particles. |
| Pinocytosis | A type of endocytosis known as cell drinking, involving liquids. |
| Exocytosis | The process where vesicles fuse with the membrane to release materials out of the cell. |
| Solute | The substance being dissolved. |
| Solvent | The substance that dissolves the solute, usually water. |
| Solution | A mixture of solute and solvent. |
| Isotonic Solution | Equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell, resulting in no net water movement. |
| Hypotonic Solution | Lower solute concentration outside the cell, causing water to enter the cell and swell it. |
| Hypertonic Solution | Higher solute concentration outside the cell, causing water to leave the cell and shrink it. |
| DNA Replication | The process by which a cell makes an exact copy of its DNA before division. |
| DNA | A double helix made of two complementary strands. |
| Nucleotide | A building block of DNA containing a phosphate group, a deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogen base (A, T, C, or G). |
| Base-pairing rules | A pairs with T and C pairs with G. |
| Helicase | An enzyme that unzips the DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds between the bases, forming a replication fork. |
| Single-strand binding proteins | Proteins that keep the DNA strands apart during replication. |
| Primase | An enzyme that adds short RNA primers to provide starting points for DNA polymerase. |
| DNA polymerase | An enzyme that adds new nucleotides in the 5′ to 3′ direction. |
| Leading strand | The DNA strand that is made continuously during replication. |
| Lagging strand | The DNA strand that is made in short sections called Okazaki fragments. |
| DNA ligase | An enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments into one continuous strand. |
| Topoisomerase | An enzyme that relieves tension in the DNA by making small cuts in the backbone to prevent twisting. |
| DNA polymerase I | An enzyme that removes RNA primers and replaces them with DNA. |
| DNA polymerase III | An enzyme that proofreads and builds the new DNA strand. |
| DNA telomerase | An enzyme that adds repetitive nucleotides to the ends of chromosomes (telomeres) to prevent loss of important DNA sequences. |
| Semiconservative replication | The process where each new DNA molecule contains one original strand and one new strand. |
| Mitosis | A process that allows a cell to produce two identical daughter cells for growth, repair, and replacement. |
| G1 phase | The phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and performs normal functions. |
| S phase | The phase of the cell cycle where DNA is replicated. |
| G2 phase | The phase of the cell cycle where the cell prepares for division, making proteins and organelles. |
| M phase | The phase of the cell cycle where mitosis and cytokinesis occur. |
| Centrosomes | Structures that organize spindle fibers that move chromosomes. |
| Spindle fibers | Fibers that attach to centromeres and pull chromosomes apart during mitosis. |
| Chromosomes | The condensed form of DNA during mitosis. |
| Cytokinesis | The division of the cytoplasm into two daughter cells. |
| Cleavage furrow | The method by which animal cells pinch the cell in two during cytokinesis. |
| Cell plate | The structure that forms to create a new cell wall in plant cells during cytokinesis. |
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