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Bio Final
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| genetic recombination | term for the production of offspring with combos of traits that differ from those found in either parent |
| genomic imprinting | phenomenon in which expression of an allele in offspring depends on whether the allele is inherited from the male or female parent |
| quantitative character | heritable feature that varies continuously over a range rather than in an either or fashion (white, pink, red) |
| laws of segregation | Mendels 1st law stating that the 2 alleles in a pair segregate into different gametes during gamete formation |
| recombinant type (recombinant) | offspring whose phenotype differs from that of the true-breeding P generation parents; also refers to the phenotype itself |
| heterozygote | an organism that has 2 diff alleles for a gene |
| recessive allele | an allele whose phenotypic effect is not observed in a heterozygote |
| hybridization | mating/crossing of two true breeding varieties |
| dihybrid | -heterozygous with respect to 2 genes of interest -all offspring from a cross between homozygous parents are dihybrids |
| linked genes | genes located close together on the same chromosome |
| heterozygous | 2 diff alleles for a given gene |
| sex-linked gene | -gene located on either sex chromosome -Most located on X chromosome |
| chromosome theory of inheritance | genes are located at specific position on chromosomes and the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis accounts for inheritance patterns |
| incomplete dominance | situation in which the phenotype of heterozygotes is intermediate between the phenotypes of individuals homozygous for either allele |
| character | observable heritable feature that may vary among individuals |
| allele | any alternative version of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects |
| translocation | -aberration in chromosome structure resulting form attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologous chromosome |
| wild type | phenotype most commonly observed in natural populations |
| X-linked gene | gene located on X chromosome |
| dominanat allele | an allele that is fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygote |
| pedigree | -diagram of family tree with conventional symbols showing the occurrence of heritable characters in parents and offspring over multiple gens |
| homozygote | org has a pair of identical alleles for a gene |
| inversion | aberration in chromosome structure resulting in reattachment of a chromosomal fragment in a reverse orientation to the chromosome from which it originated |
| duplication | aberration in chromosome structure due to fusion with a fragment from a homologous chromosome such that a portion of a chromosome is duplicated |
| complete dominance | phenotypes of a heterozygote and dominant homozygote are indistinguishable |
| homozygous | 2 identical alleles for a given gene |
| polyploidy | extra sets of chromsosomes |
| testcross | breeding an org of unknown genotype with a homozygous recessive individual to determine the unknown genotype. The ratio of phenotypes in the offspring reveals the unknown genotype |
| nondisjunction | error in mitosis or meiosis in which members of a pair of homologous chromosomes or a pari of sister chromatids fail to separate properly form each other |
| transcription | synthesis of RNA using a DNA template |
| phenotype | the observable physical and physiological traits of an organism which are determined by genetic makeup |
| genotype | the genetic makeup or set of alleles of an org |
| law of independent assortment | -Mendels 2nd law -each pair of alleles segregates or assorts independently of each other pair during gamete formation -applies when genes are not super close together |
| parental type | offspring with a phenotype that mates one of the true breeding parental phenotypes |
| carrier | individual who is heterozygous at a given genetic locus for a recessive disorder |
| addition rule | rule of probability stating that any one of two or more mutually exclusive events occurring can be determined by adding their individual probabilities |
| epistasis | type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene |
| multiplication rule | rule in probability stating that the probability of two or more independent events occurring together can be deterred by multiplying their individual probabilities |
| trait | one of two or more detectable variants in a genetic character |
| ture-breeding | orgs that produce offspring of the same variety over many gens of self pollination |
| codominanace | phenotypes of both alleles are exhibited in the heterozygote because both alleles affect the phenotype in separate distinguishable ways |
| deletion | -deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment -mutual loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene |
| P generation | ture-breeding (homozygous) parents from which F1 hybrid offspring are derived in studies of inheritance |
| crossing over | reciprocal exchange of genetic material between non sister chromatids during prophase 1 of meiosis |
| aneuploidy | abnormal chromosome number |
| monohybrid | -an org that is heterozygous with respect to a single gene of interest -all offspring from a cross between parents homozygous for diff alleles are monohybrids (AA+aa=Aa) |
| polygenic inheritance | additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character |
| Features of sci inquiry | -observation -question -research -hypothesis -experiment - analyze data -conclusion -communicate results |
| Inquiry | the search for info and explanations of natural phenomena |
| euchromatin | less condensed form of eukaryotic chromatin that is available for transcription |
| bacteriophage | virus that infects bacteria (also called a phage) |
| telomere | -tandemly repetitive DNA at the end of a eukaryotic chromosomes DNA molecule -protect the organisms genes from being eroded during successive rounds of replication |
| semiconservative model | Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand and one new strand |
| primer | -short polynucleotide -bound by complementary base pairing to template strand -Elongated with DNA nucleotides during replication |
| chromatin | complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes |
| helicase | -enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at replication forks -separates the two strands making them available as template strands |
| origin of replication | site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins. consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides |
| topoisomerase | -helps to relieve strain in the double helix ahead of the replication fork -brekas, swivels, and rejoins DNA strands |
| single-strand binding protein | -protein that binds the unprepared DNA strands during DNA replication -stabilizes them and holds them apart while they serve as templates for synthesis of complementary strands of DNA |
| heterochromatin | eukaryotic chromatin that remains highly compacted during interphase and is generally not transcribed |
| virus | infectious particle incapable of replicating outside of a cell, consisting of RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protein coat |
| primase | enzyme that joins RNA nucleotides to make a primer during DNA replication (uses parental DNA strand as template) |
| nuclease | enzyme that cuts DNA or RNA either removing one or a few bases or hydrolyzing the DNA or RNA completely into its component nucleotides |
| DNA replicaiton | process by which a DNA molecule is copied |
| replication fork | -Y shaped region on a replicating DNA moleu le where the parental strands are bing unwound and the new strands are being synthesized |
| DNA ligase | -linking enzyme essential for DNA replication -catalyzes the covalent bonding of the 3' end of one DNA fragment to the 5' end of another |
| nucleotide excision repair | repair system that removes then correctly replaces a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide |
| mismatch repair | cellular process the uses specific enzymes to remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides |
| DNA polymerase | enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of new DNA by addition of nucleotides to the 3' end |
| nucleosome | basic bead like unit of DNA packing in eukaryotes consisting of a segment of DNA wound around a protein core composed of two copies of each of the four types of histone |
| leading strand | new complimentary DNA strand synthesized continuously along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5 --> 3 direction |
| lagging strand | discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by means of Okazaki fragments |
| histone | small protein with a high proportion of positively charged amino acids that binds to the negatively charged DNA and plays a key role in chromatin structure |
| transformation | -process by which a cell in culture acquires the ability to divide indefinitely -change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of external DNA by a cell |
| Okazaki fragment | -short segment of DNA synthesized away from the replication fork on a template strand during replication -many of such segments are joined tougher to make up the lagging strand of newly synthesized DNA |
| double helix | -form of native DNA -refers to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape |
| How do questions and research relate to biology | allow you to explore and discover nature |
| community analysis and feedback | -Peer review -Replicate findings -Publication -Consensus building |
| Social benefits and outcomes | -Inform policy -Develop tech -solve problems -build knowledge |
| genetic code | set of rules by which info encoded in genetic material is translated into proteins |
| flow of genetic code | DNA strand (permanent) + Non template coding strand -->transcribed into mRNA --> translated into protein |
| transcription | -gene determines sequence of nucleotide bases along the length of RNA -RNA synthesized in antiparallel direction to template strand of DNA |
| triplets of nucleotide bases | -Smallest units of uniform length the can code for amino acids -64 possible code words -flow of info based on triplet code |
| Triplet code | -transcribed into complementary series of 3 nucleotide words in m-RNA - translated into amino acid chain |
| Translation | -sequence of codons along mRNA decoded into a segment of amino acids -each codon specifies which 1 of 20 amino acids will incorporate at corresponding position along polypeptide |
| How was genetic code determined | -Series of experiments in the 60's disclosed amino acid translations of each mRNA codon -Nierenberg ('61) synthesized mRNA of only Uracil which translated into phenylalanine (F) -A,C, G similarly identified |
| genetic engineering | -direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes -allow for researchers to exploit principle of complimentary base pairing to determine complete nucleotide sequence of DNA |
| 1st automated genetic engineering | -60's -Sanger -dideoxy sequencing (first automated procedure) |
| "next gen sequencing" techniques | -Early 2000's -rapid and less expensive -single template strand immobilized and complimentary strand synthesized |
| 3rd gen sequencing | -Even faster and less expensive -single long dan sequence on its own -move DNA through small pore and ID bases one by one -Nanopore sequencer |
| Nanopore sequencer | -2015 -size of candy bar; connects to computer via USB -immediate ID and analysis of DNA sequence |
| DNA cloning | -isolates segment of DNA and makes copies -requires restriction enzymes |
| restriction enzymes | -60's -cut dna in certain locations |
| Polymerase chain reactions | -key to automation for genetic engineering -only needs small amount of DNA -used to provide DNA for cloning |
| what is the start codon for replicating DNA | AUG - Methenamine |
| gene expression | process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins |
| mRNA | -synthisized using DNA template -attaches to ribosomes in cytoplasm and specifies the primary structure of protein |
| spliceosome | large complex made up of proteins and RNA molecules that splices RNA by interacting with ends of an RNA intron releasing the intron and joining the two adjacent exons |
| silent mutation | -nucleotide-pair substitution that has no observable effect on the phenotype -ex. a mutation that results in a codon that codes for the same amino acid |
| transcription initiation complex | completed assembly of transcription factors and RNA polymerase bound to a promoter |
| gene editing | altering genes in a specific, predictable way |
| start point | transcription - the nucleotide position on the promoter where eRNA polymerase begins synthesis of RNA |
| exon | -sequence within a primary transcript that remains in the RNA after RNA processing -also referes to the region of DNA from which this sequence was transcribed |
| 5' cap | modified form of guanine nucleotide added onto the 5' end of a pre-mRNA molecule |
| deletion | -deficiency in a chromosome resulting from the loss of a fragment though breakage |
| aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase | enzyme that joins each amino acid to the appropriate tRNA |
| RNA processing | modification of RNA primary transcripts, including splicing out of introns, joining together of exons, and alteration of the 5' and 3' ends |
| promoter | specific nucleotide sequence in the DNA of a gene that binds RNA polymerase, positioning it to start transcribing RNA at the appropriate place |
| mutation | a change in the nucleotide sequence of an orgs DNA or in the dna or rna of a virus |
| alternative RNA splicing | a type of eukaryotic gene regulation at the rna processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced froth same primary transcript, depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and which as introns |
| transcription factor | regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes |
| point mutation | change in a single nucleotide pair of a gene |
| ribosome | complex of rRNA and protein molecules that functions as a site of protein synthesis inn the cytoplasm |
| nucleotide-pair substitution | type of point mutation in which one nucleotide in a DNA strand and its partner in the complementary strand are replaced by another pair of nucleotides |
| transcriiption | synthesis of RNA using a DNA template |
| translation | -synthesis of a polypeptide using the genetic info encoded in an mRNA molecule -change of "language" from nucleotides to amino acids |
| P site | one of a ribosomes three binding sites for tRNA during translation. It holds tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain |
| RNA splicing | removal of portions of the transcript (introns) that will not be included in mRNA and the joining together of the remaining portions (exons) |
| ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | RNA molecules that make up ribosomes |
| coding strand | contemplate strand of DNA which has the same sequence as the mRNA except it has Thymine instead of Uracil |
| TATA box | DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters crucial in forming the transcription initiation complex |
| reading frame | On a mRNA the triplet grouping of ribonucleotides used by the translation machinery during polypeptide synthesis |
| transcription unit | region of DNA that is transcribed into an RNA molecule |
| template strand | DNA strand that provides the pattern or template for ordering by complementary base pairing the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript |
| triplet code | genetic info system in which a series of three nucleotide long words specifies a sequence of amino acids for a polypeptide chain |
| insertion | a mutation involving the addition of one or more nucleotide pairs to a gene |
| domain | -taxonomic category above the kingdom level. -discrete structural and functional region of a protein |
| intron | noncoding, intervening sequence within a primary transcript that is removed from the transcript during RNA processing; also the region of DNA form which the sequence was transcribed |
| polyribosome | group of several ribosomes attached to, and translating the same messenger RNA molecule |
| codon | 3 nucleotide sequence of DNA or mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid or termination signal; basic unit of genetic code |
| ribozyme | An RNA molecule that functions as an enzyme, such as an intron that catalyzes its own removal during RNA splicing |
| Transfer RNA (tRNA) | RNA molecule that functions as a translator between nucleic acid and protein languages by picking up a specific amino acid and carrying it to the ribosome, where tRNA recognizes the appropriate codon in the mRNA |
| primary transcript | Initial RNA transcript from any gene; also called pre-mRNA when transcribed from a protein coding gene |
| mutangen | chemical or physical agent that interacts with DNA and can cause a mutation |
| nonsense mutation | mutation that changes an amino acid codon to one of the 3 stop codons, resulting in a shorter and usually nonfunctional protein |
| terminator | in bacteria a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that marks the end of a gene and signals RNA polymerase to release the newly made RNA molecule and detach from the DNA |
| RNA polymerase | enzyme that links ribonucleotides into a growing RNA chain during transcription, based on complementary binding to nucleotides on a DNA template strand |
| frameshift mutation | mutation occurring when nucleotides are inserted in or deleted from a gene and the number inserted or deleted is not a multiple of 3, resulting in the improper grouping of the subsequent nucleotides into codons |
| anticodon | nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that base pairs with a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule |
| signal peptide | sequence of about 20 amino acids at or near the leading end of a polypeptide that targets it to the endoplasmic reticulum or other organelles in a eukaryotic cell |
| cloning vector | -DNA molecule that can carry foreign DNA into a host cell and replicate there |
| recombinant DNA molecule | DNA molecule made in vitro with segments form different sources |
| tumor suppressor gene | gene whose protein product inhibits cell division thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer |
| genomics | systematic study of whole sets of genes and their interactions |
| in vitro mutagenesis | technique used to discover the function of a gene by cloning it, introducing specific changes, reinserting the stated gene and studying the phenotype |
| maternal effect gene | a gene that, when mutant in the mother, results in a mutant phenotype in offspring |
| histone acetylation | attachment of acetylene groups to certain amino acids of histone proteins |
| genetic engineering | direct manipulation of genes for practical purposes |
| determination | progressive restriction of developmental potential in which the possible fate of each cell becomes more limited as an embryo develops |
| nucleic acid probe | -used to locate specific nucleotide sequences in a nucleic acid sample -molecules hydrogen bond to complementary sequence |
| alternative RNA splicing | type of eukaryotic gene reg at the rna processing level in which different mRNA molecules are produced from the same primary transcript depending on which RNA segments are treated as exons and introns |
| genetic profile | individuals unique set of genetic markers |
| homeotic gene | -any of the master regulatory genes -control placement and spatial org of body parts in animals, plants, fungi by controlling developmental fate of group cells |
| RNA interface (RNAi) | -mechanism for silencing expression of specific genes -RNA molecules are processed into siRNAs that either block translation or trigger degradation of the genes mRNA |
| operator | -sequence of nucleotides near the start of an operon to which an active repressor can attach -binding of the repressor prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter and transcribing genes of the operon |
| DNA cloning | production of multiple copies of a specific DNA segment |
| differential gene expression | expression of different sets of genes by cells with the same genome |
| short tandem repeat (STR) | -simple sequence DNA containing multiple tandemly repeated units of two to five nucleotides -Variations act as genetic markers in STR analysis used to prepare genetic profiles |
| plasmid | -small, circular double stranded DNA molecule that carries accessory genes separate from those of a bacterial chromosome -used as vectors in DNA cloning |
| Human genome project | an international collaborative effort to map and sequence the DNA of the human genome |
| repressor | -protein that inhibits gene transcription |
| pseudogene | -DNA segment that is very similar to a real gene, but does not yield a functional product -inactivated due to a mutation |
| transgene | gene that has been transferred naturally or by a genetic engineering technique from one organism to another |
| sticky end | single stranded end of a double stranded restriction fragment |
| transposon | transposable element that moves within a genome by means of a DNA intermediate |
| small interfering RNA (siRNA) | -one of multiple small, single stranded, RNA molecules generated by cellular machinery from a double stranded RNA molecule -associate with one or more proteins in a complex that can degrade or prevent translation of an mRNA with a complementary sequence |
| restriction enzyme | -endonuclease that recognizes and cuts DNA molecules foreign to a bacterium -cuts at specific nucleotide sequences |
| long noncoding RNA (IncRNA) | -RNA between 200 and hundreds of thousands of nucleotides n length that does not code for protein but is expressed at significant levels |
| polymerase chain reaction (PCR) | technique for amplifying DNA in vitro by incubating ti with specific primers, a heat resistant DNA polymerase, and nucleotides |
| inducer | specific small molecule that binds to a bacterial repressor protein and changes the repressors shape so that it cannot bind to an operator thus switching an operon on |
| regulatory gene | gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes |
| morphogen | a substance that provides positional information in the form of a concentration gradient along an embryonic axis |
| nucleic acid hybridization | base pairing of one strand of a nucleic acid to the complementary sequence on a stand from another nucleic acid molecule |
| gene drive | process that biases inheritance such that a particular allele is more likely to be inherited than are other alleles causing the favored allele to spread through the population |
| oncogene | gene found in viral or cellular genomes that is involved in triggering molecular events that can lead to cancer |
| DNA sequencing | determining the complete nucleotide sequence of a gene or DNA segment |
| pattern formation | development of a multicellular organisms spatial organization the arrangement of organs and tissues in their characteristic places in 3D space |
| totipotent | describing a cell that can give rise to all parts of the embryo and adult, as well as extraembryonic membranes in species that have them |
| single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) | single base pari site in a genome where nucleotide variation is found in at least 1% of the pop |
| epigenetics | study of the inheritance of traits transmitted by mechanisms that do not involve the nucleotide sequence |
| RNA sequencing | method of analyzing large sets of RNAs that involves making cDNAs and sequencing them |
| transposable element | segment of DNA that can move within the genome of a cell by means of DNA or RNA intermediate |
| control element | segment of noncoding DNA that helps regulate transcription of a gene by serving as a binding site for a transcripition factor |
| differentiation | the process by which a cell or group of cells becomes specialized in structure and function |
| gene cloning | production of multiple copies of a gene |
| complementary DNA (cDNA) | -double stranded DNA molecule made in vitro using mRNA as a template and the enzymes reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase |
| multigene family | collection of genes with a similar or identical sequence |
| repetitive DNA | -nucleotide sequences, usually noncoding, that are present in many copies in a eukaryotic genome |
| activator | protein that binds to DNA and stimulates gene transcription |
| in situ hybridization | technique using nucleic acid hybridization with a labeled probe to detect the location of a specific mRNA in an intact org |
| simple sequence DNA | DNA that contains many copies of tandemly repeated short sequences |
| ras gene | -gene that codes fro RAS, a G protein that relays a growth signal from a growth factor receptor to the plasma membrane to a cascade of protein kinases -results in stimulation of the cell cycle |
| cytoplasmic determinant | -maternal substance - when placed into an egg influcences the course of early development by regulating expressions of genes that affect developmental fate of cells |
| morphogenesis | development of the form of an organism and its structures |
| pluripotent | describing a cel that can give rise to many, but not all, parts of an organism |
| reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) | -technique for determining expression of a particular gene -uses reverse transcriptase and DNA polymerase to synthesize cDNA from all the mRNA in a sample -then subjects the cDNA to the PCR amplification using primers specific to the gene of interest |
| cyclic AMP (cAMP) | common chemical signal that has a diversity of roles (messenger/regulator) |
| induction | process in which a group of cells or tissues influences the development of another group through close-range interactions |
| retrotransposon | transposable element that moves within a genome by means of RNA intermediate, a transcript of the retrotransposon DNA |
| stem cell | -any relatively unspecialized cell that can produce two identical daughter cells or two more specialized daughter cells that can undergo further diffusion |
| DNA methylation | -presence of methyl groups on DNA bases (usually cytosine) |
| restriction fragment | DNA segment the results from cutting of DNA by a restriction enzyme |
| transgenic | pertaining to an org whose genome contains DNA introduced from another org of the same or diff species |
| restriction site | specific sequence of DNA strand that is recognized and cut by a restriction enzyme |
| reference genome | complete sequence that researchers agree best represents the genome of a given species |
| metagenomics | -collection + sequencing of DNA from a group of species -computer software sorts partial sequences and assembles them into genome sequences of individual species making up the sample |
| expression vector | -cloning vector that contains highly active bacterial promoter just upstream of the reaction site -allows gene to be expressed in a bacterial cell |
| gene therapy | intro of genes into an afflicted individual for therapeutic purposes |
| proteome | entire set of proteins expressed by a given cell, tissue, or org |
| operon | unit of genetic function found in bacteria and phages consisting of a promoter, operator, and coordinately regulated cluster of genes whose products function in a common pathway |
| Barr Body | Dense object lying along the inside of the nuclear envelope in cells of female mammals, representing highly condensed, inactivated X chromosome |
| gel electrophoresis | technique for separating nucleic acids or proteins on the basis of their size and electrical charge |
| codons | hold genetic information |
| When Thomas Hunt Morgan crossed red eyed F-1 Generation flies to each other, the F2 Generation included both red nd white eyed flies, but all flies were male. Which best explains morgans result | The gene involved the Y chromosome |
| The SRY gene is best described as | a gene present on the Y chromosome |
| The chromosomal alteration that results from a chromosome fragment joined to a non homologous chromosome is called a | translocation |
| which of the following statements regarding gene linkage is correct | the closer the two genes are on a chromosome, the lower the probability that crossover will occur between them |
| If a pair of homologous chromosomes fails to separate during meiosis 1, select the choice that shows the number of chromosomes of the four resulting gametes with respect to normal haploid number (n) | n+1, n+1, n-1, n-1 |
| German scientist Carl Correns found that inheritance of variegated color on the leaves of certain plants was determined only by the maternal parent. which of the following best explains this pattern of inheritance | inheritance of plastid genes |
| Griffith heat killed a culture of pathogenic bacteria. He split the sample and injected half of it into mice. The mice lived. He then mixed the other half with a living, nonpathogenic bacteria strain and injected the mixture into mice. The mice died. | A substance had been transferred from pathogenic to nonpathogenic |
| Which of the following statements describes the process of transformation in bacteria | external DNA is taken into account cell becoming part of the cells genome |
| which of the following characteristics allowed hershey and chase to determine whether the genetic material was made of DNA or protein | DNA contains phosphorous whereas protein does not |
| Which of the following statements accurately describes differences between DNA replication in prokaryotes and DNA replication in eukaryotes | prokaryotic chromosomes have single origin of replication, whereas eukaryotic chromosomes have many |
| radish flowers may be red, purple, or white. A cross between red and white yields all purple offspring. What inheritance pattern is this? | incomplete dominance |
| catabolism | breaks down complete molecules releasing energy |
| cellular respiration | catabolic pathway of aerobic and anaerobic respiration which breaks down organic molecules and uses electron transport chain to produce ATP |
| Glycolysis | glucose split into pyruvate yielding a small amount of ATP |
| citric acid cycle | further breaks down pyruvate to price more ATP and electron carriers |
| electron transport chain | uses electron carriers to generate large amount of ATP |
| Anabolism | builds complex molecules from simpler ones, requires energy |
| Photosynthesis | conversion of light nrg to chemical nrg that is stored in sugar and other organic compuntds (Creates glucose from CO2 and H2O) |
| similarities in major metabolic pathways between plants and animals | both use cellular respiration to convert energy in organic molecules like ATP (catabolic pathways) |
| differences in major metabolic pathways between plants and animals | plants preform photosynthesis in chloroplasts to capture light and build energy |
| mitosis | -process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into 5 stages -Conserves chromosome # by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each daughter nuclei |
| meiosis | -modified type of cell division in sexually reproducing orgs consisting of two rounds of cell division but only one round DNA relocation -Results in cells with half the number of chromosome sets |
| mitosis mechanism | one round of division following DNA replication resulting in 2 genetically identical diploid daughter cellls -Pro, Prom, Meta, Ana, Telo |
| Prophase | chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes, mitotic spindle beings to form, nucleolus disappears |
| Prometaphase | nuclear envelope fragments and spindle microtubules attach to kinetochores of chromsomes |
| Metaphase | individual chromosomes line up at cells equator |
| anaphase | sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles |
| telophase | nuclear envelopes reform and cell divides |
| Prophase 1 | homologous chromosomes pari up and exchange genetic material |
| metaphase 1 | homologous chromosomes line up at middle |
| anaphase 1 | homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite sides |
| telophase 1 | two haploids form |
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bouzianeju