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Quizzes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A farmer notices some plants wilting during a hot, dry day. Their stomata are closed. Which process may reduce photosynthetic output? | Photorespiration |
| Which statement correctly describes the relationship between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle? | The light reactions produce ATP and NADPH, both of which are used in the Calvin cycle. |
| During a light reaction experiment, one photosystem is damaged so that electrons cannot pass to NADP⁺. What will happen? | NADPH production stops |
| During photosynthesis, which molecule is oxidized? | water |
| What are the main products of the light reactions? | ATP, NADPH, and O₂ |
| In chemiosmosis, what drives ATP synthesis? | Proton-motive force |
| A lab experiment replaces normal water (H₂O) with water containing oxygen-18 (¹⁸O). After illumination, which molecule contains ¹⁸O? | O₂ released in the light reactions |
| The stroma is the site of: | Calvin cycle |
| A student measures photosynthesis under red and blue light. Which outcome is expected? | High photosynthetic rates under red and blue light |
| Which molecules supply the energy and electrons for the Calvin cycle? | ATP and NADPH |
| A plant is kept in continuous light, but a poison inhibits the Calvin cycle. What is the effect on light reactions? | Light reactions slow down due to lack of NADP⁺ acceptors |
| A photon of which color would carry the most energy? | Blue |
| What range of wavelengths of light are absorbed by the pigments in the thylakoid membranes? | blue and red |
| A biologist adds isolated chloroplasts to a solution with ADP, Pi, and NADP⁺ under light. ATP and NADPH are produced. If a chemical that makes the thylakoid membrane freely permeable to H⁺ is added, what happens? | ATP synthesis stops because the proton gradient is lost |
| CAM plants open their stomata at: | night |
| Which pigment is the main photosynthetic pigment in plants? | chlorophyll a |
| In a rosebush, speaking as specifically as possible, chlorophyll is located in __________. | thylakoids, which are in chloroplasts in the mesophyll cells of a leaf |
| When a pigment absorbs light, its electron is moved to a higher-energy level called the: | Excited state |
| Which color of light is least effective for photosynthesis? | green |
| What structures in chloroplasts are stacks of thylakoids called? | grana |
| In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs through the formation of | a cleavage Furrow |
| Which of the following describes the key difference in chromosome behavior between Anaphase I and Anaphase II of meiosis? | In Anaphase I, homologous chromosomes separate, and in Anaphase II, sister chromatids separate. |
| How does Meiosis II fundamentally differ from Meiosis I and resemble mitosis? | Meiosis II and mitosis separate sister chromatids, leading to a similar equational division. |
| A replicated chromosome is composed of two identical DNA molecules known as sister chromatids. What structure physically connects these two chromatids before they separate during anaphase? | Centromere |
| When a G1 cell is fused with a cell in S phase, the G1 nucleus begins | DNA synthesis |
| The main difference between bacterial and eukaryotic cell division is that bacteria | do not undergo mitosis |
| Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between chromosomes and chromatin? | Chromosomes are condensed forms of chromatin that are visible during cell division. |
| Which chromosome pair in a human karyotype is defined as the sex chromosomes, and what are the remaining chromosome pairs called? | The X and Y chromosomes are the sex chromosomes; Pairs 1-22 are autosomes. |
| Cells that divide continuously without external signals most likely | lack proper cell cycle control |
| The pairing up of homologous chromosomes to form tetrads and the occurrence of crossing over are hallmark events of which meiotic stage? | Prophase I |
| During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate? | Anaphase |
| A photograph of an individual's complete set of chromosomes, arranged in homologous pairs and ordered by size, is called a(n): | Karyotype |
| A tissue sample shows many cells with condensed chromosomes but no nuclear envelopes. They are in | prometaphase |
| The phase in which chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes is | prophase |
| How does the term chromosome relate to the concept of the genome? | The genome is an organism's entire set of genetic material, and the chromosomes are the physical structures that organize and carry this material. |
| Which statement correctly describes the nature of sister chromatids after a crossover event in Prophase I? | They are no longer genetically identical due to the exchange of segments. |
| The process by which somatic cells divide to produce two genetically identical daughter cells is called | mitosis |
| Which of the following accurately defines the genome of a eukaryotic organism? | The complete complement of genetic material (DNA) present in a single, haploid set of chromosomes. |
| The phase of the cell cycle in which DNA replication occurs is | S phase |
| Which source of genetic variation is achieved by the random orientation of homologous pairs at the metaphase plate during Meiosis I? | Independent assortment |
| A cross between an individual with a dominant phenotype and a homozygous recessive individual is performed to determine the genotype of the dominant individual. This is called a: | Testcross |
| If a trait is dominantly inherited, what is the probability that an affected heterozygous parent and an unaffected parent will have an affected child? | 50% |
| Which of the following best describes the alleles of a heterozygote? | Two different alleles |
| If a multifactorial disorder like Type 2 diabetes is analyzed, a pedigree is likely to show: | A complex and non-Mendelian pattern of inheritance due to the influence of multiple genes and environment |
| Achondroplasia (a form of dwarfism) is an example of a disorder caused by a single allele that is usually expressed in the heterzygous state. This is an example of: | A dominantly inherited disorder |
| The condition where a single gene has multiple phenotypic effects is called: | Pleiotrpy |
| An organism that has two identical alleles for a gene is called a(n): | Homozygote |
| The process of cross-pollinating two true-breeding varieties is called: | Hybridization |
| A locus is best defined as: | The specific location on a chromosome where a gene is found |
| The experimental, quantitative approach used by Mendel to develop his laws was crucial because it: | Used mathematics and large sample sizes to reveal statistical patterns of inheritance |
| If a character is described as quantitative, it means the character: | Varies along a continuum, often indicating polygenic inheritance |
| According to the law of segregation, a heterozygous individual (Aa) produces gametes with the A allele and gametes with a allele in what ratio? | 1:1 |
| The statement that the two alleles for a heritable character segregate (separate from each other) during gamete formation is known as: | The law of segregation |
| Which of the following best illustrates the concept of polygenic inheritance? | Human skin color, which results from the additive effects of several genes influencing pigment production |
| Which of the following best illustrates the concept of codominance? | A person with type AB blood expresses both A and B surface antigens equally |
| Individuals who are heterozygous for a recessively inherited disorder but do not exhibit the disorder's symptoms are called: | carriers |
| A genotype is best defined as: | The genetic makeup, or set of alleles, of an organism |
| Mendel's hypothesis of inheritance, later proven correct, suggested that: | Parents pass on discrete heritable units |
| Which of the following best describes quantitative characters? | Traits that are influenced by multiple genes and often show continuous variation in a population |
| The specific observable, physical, or biochemical characteristics of an organism is referred to as its: | Phenotype |
| Which principle best explains why this cat displays a patchy, mixed-color, or "calico" coat pattern, with distinct regions of black and orange fur? | The choice of which X chromosome (maternal or paternal) is inactivated occurs randomly and independently in each cell lineage during early embryonic development |
| If a trait follows Mendelian ratios, it most likely involves: | A single gene on an autosome |
| The frequency of recombination between two genes indicates: | Their distance apart on a chromosome |
| A key reason Morgan used Drosophila was: | They have a short generation time |
| A duplication mutation results in: | Repetition of a chromosomal segment |
| What is the primary characteristic that defines two genes as being "genetically linked"? | They are located near each other on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together |
| Why are males more often affected by X-linked recessive traits? | They have only one X chromosome |
| If a male inherits a recessive X-linked allele from his mother, he will: | Express the trait |
| The chromosome theory of inheritance was supported by: | Morgan's study of X-linked traits |
| Which of the following conclusions is best supported by Thomas Hunt Morgan's experiments with Drosophila (fruit flies) that demonstrated the inheritance patterns of the white-eye gene? | Chromosomes are the physical basis of inheritance. |
| If a carrier female mates with a normal male, what percentage of sons are expected to be affected by an X-linked recessive disorder? | 50% |
| An individual whose cells possess an extra chromosome 21 is said to be trisomic for chromosome 21. This condition is commonly known as Down syndrome and is an example of what type of overall chromosomal alteration? | Aneuploidy |
| Morgan observed that white-eyed flies appeared only in males in his F2 generation. This supported the idea that: | The gene is located on the X chromosome |
| A zygote with three copies of one chromosome is: | Trisomic |
| Why are inversions and translocations often less lethal than deletions? | All genetic material is still present |
| A genetic linkage map shows: | Relative positions of gene based on recombination rates |
| Which of the following is the most likely reason why aneuploid conditions involving sex chromosomes (like XXX, XXY) tend to upset the genetic balance less severely than those involving autosomes (like Trisomy 21)? | Extra copies of the X chromosomes are inactivated and becomes Barr bodies |
| A color-blind woman will pass the allele to: | All of her sons |
| The gene for hemophilia is: | X-linked |
| A cell missing one chromosome is: | Monosomic |
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