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GEO Test 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are mineral resources? | Mineral resources include ore and non-metallic materials. |
| What are non-metallic mineral resources? | Non-metallics include materials like sand, gravel, and stone |
| What factors determine whether a mineral deposit is profitable? | Geologic concentration of the deposit and economic value of the product |
| What processes naturally enrich ore deposits? | Magmatic, hydrothermal, oceanic, sedimentary, and weathering processes. |
| What is the most common ore-forming process? | Hydrothermal processes, involving hot water in cracks and pores. |
| What is a hydrothermal vein? | A vein where metals precipitate in a crack or fracture. |
| What are placer deposits? | Deposits of dense minerals, like gold, that accumulate in streams. |
| How do sedimentary processes contribute to mineral deposits? | Dissolved minerals are left behind when water evaporates, forming precipitates. |
| What is bauxite? | An aluminum ore formed by intense tropical weathering of aluminum-rich rocks. |
| What are the two main types of mining? | Under ground and surface |
| What is the Bingham Canyon mine known for? | It is the largest human-created hole on Earth, measuring 4 kilometers in diameter and 0.8 kilometers deep. |
| What is coal primarily composed of? | Coal is a combustible rock composed mainly of carbon. |
| During which geological period did most coal form? | 268 to 360 million years ago. |
| How are coal reserves expected to last? | Reserves should last another 400 years, until around 2400. |
| What is peat in relation to coal? | Peat is the pre-coal material formed in oxygen-deprived bogs and swamps. |
| What is petroleum formed from? | Petroleum is formed from the organic residue of plants and animals. |
| What role does burial in mud play in petroleum formation? | Burial in mud and slow heating convert organic matter into petroleum. |
| What is a source rock in petroleum geology? | A source rock is where petroleum originates, commonly shale. |
| What is a reservoir rock? | A reservoir rock has porosity and permeability to hold and transmit petroleum, such as sandstone. |
| What is a trap in petroleum geology? | A trap is a geological structure that holds rising petroleum, such as folds or faults. |
| Where does oil reside within the rock? | Oil resides in the pore spaces and cracks within the rock. |
| What is secondary recovery in oil extraction? | Secondary recovery involves injecting water to help extract oil. |
| What is tertiary recovery in oil extraction? | Tertiary recovery uses superheated steam and/or surfactants to extract oil. |
| How does the price of oil affect extraction methods? | As oil prices rise, companies can afford more expensive extraction methods like fracking. |
| What is natural gas primarily composed of? | Natural gas is mainly composed of methane. |
| At what temperature does natural gas typically form? | Natural gas forms when source rock rises above 100°C |
| What are tar sands? | Tar sands are sands containing heavy oils and bitumen, found in places like Alberta, Canada. |
| What are oil shales? | Oil shales contain waxy kerogen that can be converted into petroleum. |
| What is the environmental concern associated with coal bed methane? | Coal bed methane depletes the water table and can pose pollution hazards. |
| What is the process of refining crude oil called? | Cracking. |
| What is the significance of secondary recovery for tar sands and oil shales? | Secondary recovery for tar sands and oil shales significantly increases petroleum reserves. |
| Solar energy | Energy from the sun that can be converted into electricity or heat. |
| Solar Thermal | Uses solar energy to heat air or water for direct use. |
| Photovoltaics | Technology that uses solar cells to convert light into electricity. |
| Wind Energy | Energy generated by using wind to turn generators. |
| Geothermal Energy | Energy that uses Earth's heat for electrical generation. |
| Hydroelectric Energy | Energy generated by using waterpower to produce electricity. |
| Natural Gas | A fossil fuel that accounts for 45.4% of energy sources. |
| Coal | A fossil fuel that accounts for 18.3% of energy sources. |
| Nuclear Energy | Energy produced from nuclear fuels, which are radioactive isotopes. |
| Renewables | Energy sources that are replenished naturally, accounting for 22.2% of energy sources. |
| Biomass energy | Energy produced from plant fuels, including wood, garbage, and agricultural wastes. |
| Alcohols | Used as an auto fuel additive derived from biomass. |
| Biodiesel | A renewable fuel made from converted vegetable oils. |
| Fission Reactors | Reactors that generate electricity through a branching chain reaction. |
| Fuel Rod | A component of a nuclear reactor that contains nuclear fuel. |
| Control Rods | Used in nuclear reactors to control the fission process. |
| Heat Exchangers | Devices that transfer heat from one medium to another in nuclear reactors. |
| Conservation | An alternative energy resource that focuses on improving energy efficiency. |
| Hydrogen Economy | An economy that uses hydrogen as a primary energy carrier. |
| What types of energy resources are classified as non-renewable? | Oil, gas, coal, and nuclear energy. |
| What are examples of renewable energy resources? | Solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal energy. |
| What are the two main types of water resources? | Surface and groundwater |
| What defines an ore? | Ore is a metallic mineral deposit that can be mined for a profit. |
| Why are mineral resources considered non-renewable? | Mineral resources cannot be replenished on a human timescale. |
| Which five nations supply most of the world's mineral needs? | United States, Canada, Russia, South Africa, and Australia. |
| What are mineral reserves? | Known amounts of material in the ground that can be profitably extracted. |
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