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bio exam 3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| partial pressure def | the pressure that one gas produces that sums up to make total pressure |
| how to calculate partial pressure | Partial pressure= 1atm(volume of gas) ex: Po2= 1atmX.2095= .2095 |
| how does salinity and temperature affect the solubility of oxygen ? | as salinity increases the oxygen in water decreases, there is less oxygen because salt binds to water molecules as temp increases solubility decreases |
| Predict the movement of a dissolved gas by knowing the partial pressure of that gas. | oxygen moves from high partial pressure to low partial pressure in humans O moves from atmosphere-lungs-blood-cells |
| what are the three types of specialized breathing structures? functions of each? | lungs- in the body and contain environmental medium external gills- outside the body and project into environmental medium internal gills- outside the body but covered by a cavity |
| Define unidirectional vs tidal vs nondirectional ventilation, diffusion lungs and bi-modal breathing and provide an example of an animal that does each | unidirectional- air flows 1 direction across gas exchange surface tidal- air flows in and out of lungs via the same passage nondirectional- air flows in many directions |
| Differentiate between concurrent, co-current and countercurrent gas exchange. | crosscurrent- air flows one direction and blood flows across it cocurrent- air flow and blood flow in the same direction countercurrent- air flows one direction and blood flows opposite |
| Classify and explain the physiology of the types of respiratory systems for different animals | amphibians- co-current, fish- counter current birds- cross current- unidirectional |
| Describe the structure of hemoglobin and identify the type of alternative respiratory pigments found in various species. | protein made of 4 subunits that make a sphere shape (heme) where iron and nitrogen, and oxygen binds there other types: haemocyanin: blue, crustaceans and spiders chlorocruorin: green, worms, leeches haemerythrin: violet, marine worms |
| Interpret and oxygen saturation curve and explain how factors (pH, CO2, temperature) may modify the curve | the top of a graph is close to fully saturated, the middle is muscle resting, the bottom is exercising(hemoglobin comes in faster because O is being used up) the graph shows the % of heme bound O as partial pressure goes up |
| Describe how carbon dioxide is transported in the blood and how it acts like a buffer | deoxygenation promotes CO2 uptake by blood, when CO2 levels are high more H+ ions are made so blood=more acidic, then blood buffers |
| Compare and contract metabolic versus respiratory alkalosis and acidosis. | metabolic alkalosis-excess bicarbonate in body respiratory alkalosis-breathing too fast, loss of CO2 metabolic acidosis- excess acid production not from breathing respiratory acidosis- too much CO2 in blood because of breathing |
| Describe the anatomy of the human heart | Vena cavae→right atrium→right ventricle→pulmonary artery → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta right atrium receives deoxygenated blood left atrium receives oxygenated blood |
| Explain how electrical excitation of the myogenic heart occurs | sinoatrial node depolarizes to cause an action potential that tarts the heart beat, then moves to the atrioventricular node so the heart fills with blood, the purkinji fibers move the electrical impulse through the ventricles to contract |
| List the major types of blood vessels in the systemic circuit of a mammal, and outline the functions of each type of vessel. | arteries: carry blood under high pressure arterioles- regulate blood flow and pressure veins: return blood to heart |
| Contrast the circulatory systems present in water breathing and air-breathing fish | water breathing(gills): heart pumps deoxygenated blood to gills where CO2 diffuses out and O2 in (single circuit) flow: heart-gills-body-heart air breathing: pulmonary and systemic (2 partial circuit) flow: heart-lung-heart-body |
| Describe the circulatory systems present in crocodilians, octopuses and squid | crocodilians: 4 chambered heart but with foramen of panizza connects aortas octopuses: 3 hearts(one systemic 2 branchial(gills) closed circulation squid: same as octopus |
| Explain the mechanism of action of open circulatory systems by providing examples of these in various organisms | spiders: hemolymph flows through sinuses to lacunae rather than vessels insects: main pumping organ is dorsal heart and blood also flows like that of spiders |
| the other two forms of respiration and examples of all | diffusion- uses partial pressure to go from high to low bimodal- ability to breathe air and water ex: unidirectional: birds tidal: humans and mammals nondirectional: axolotle diffusion: spiders/snails bimodal: bullfrog |
| how pH, temp and CO2 changes saturation curve | CO2- when CO2 increases the affinity for O2 decreases so it shifts the curve to the right pH- when pH is more acidic it causes lower affinity for O2 which shifts the curve right temp- the higher the temp the lower the affinity for O2 so again a right s |
Created by:
msilbe