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osmoregulation cva
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| what does the kidney do | remove nitrogenous waste from body, excretion |
| what do kidneys and gonads make up | urogenital system |
| what does the kidney develop from | develops from mesoderm, specifically intermediate mesoderm, which forms nephric ridges [also known as mesomeres] . this is located bw the somites (forms muscle and vertebare) and the lateral plate (forms body wall and circulatory system) |
| what are nephric ridges segmented into | nephrotomes |
| what do nephrotomes differentiate into | nephrons |
| what are nephrons | renal tubules |
| what are the structures of renal tubules | proximal end- bowmans renal capsule, functional unit of the kidney |
| kidney embryonic development stages | pronephros (anterior), mesonephros (middle), metanephros (caudal), only metanephros present in the adult structure of mammals |
| parts of the nephron | renal corpuscle (bowmans capsule and glomerulus), proximal tubule, distal tubule, collecting tubule/duct |
| what is glomeruli/us | masses of cappilaries that filter blood, elim waste 1st step, recieves AAAAAfferent arteriole from renal and drained by EEEEEEfferent |
| what are peritubular capillaries | surround the renal tubules, reabsorb useful substances and filter blood |
| % of weight in the body is the kidney | 0.5 |
| how much of arterial blood pumped by heart is received by kidneys | 20-25 |
| what are 2 parts of the uriniferous tubules | nephron, collecting tubule |
| what does the renal artery send blood to the kidney for | filtration and NITROGEN excretion |
| what is the actual kidney's parts | cortex, medulla, pelvis |
| what does the cortex have of kidney | renal corpuscles (renal capsule and glomerulus) and many capillaries |
| what does the medulla have of kidney | collecting ducts and loops of henle, divided into pyramids and columns |
| what is the pelvis have of kidney | hollow and receives the urine |
| mammalian kidney urine production | urine goes from minor to major calyx, then renal pelvis, renal pelvis connects to ureter, bladder, then urethra |
| minor calyx relative size to a nephron | its bigger than a nephron as it collects waste from multiple collecting ducts in multiple nephrons (think funnel) |
| where does the nephron lie in the kidney | part in the cortex, part in the medulla |
| what is the convoluted excretory tubule | bowmans capsule plue proximal tubule, loop of henle (which dips into medulla), and distal tubule |
| what is bowmans capsule | double-walled chamber surrounding glomerulus. |
| Proximal convoluted tubule | coiled; lined with cells with microvilli and mitochondria. |
| distal convoluted tubule | empties into collecting duct |
| loop of henle | makes a hairpin turn to return to the distal convoluted tube |
| collecting tubule/ DUCT | leads to the kidney pelvis, where urine flows to the bladder, then out |
| how does the nephron make urine | filtering blood of its small mcs and ions, reclaimingthe useful materials, surplus leaves as urine |
| in 24 hours how much does the kidney reclaim | 1300 g of nacl, 400 g of nahco3, 180 g of glucose, almost all of the 180 l of h2o entering tubules |
| blood enteres the glomerulus undrr what condition, and what effect comes out of that | pressure, leads to filtration of water, small mcs and ions into bowmans capsule- called nephric filtrate |
| pathway of nephric filtrate | collects within bowmans capsule, then flows to proximal tubule (which reabsorbs glucose, amino acids, uric acid, and inorganic salts), then loop of henle, then dct, then collecting duct |
| what is active transport of sodium controlled by out of the proximal tubule | angiotensen 2 |
| what is active transport of phosphate regulated by | parathyroid hormone |
| as solutes are removed from nephric filtrate, what follows and what is this process called | water, osmosis |
| what are kidney stones | made of ca, oxalate, and phosphate |
| what can increase risk of kidney stones | gout, uric acid crystals |
| what is hypercalciuria | high calcium in urine, usually symptom of kidney stones |
| during filtration, what large molecules are typically held back | proteins |
| renal portal system | allows lower vertebrates (not mammals) to circulate blood to the kidney tubules to remove wastes, even when they shut down the main filter (glomerulus) to conserve water |
| what are holonephros/archinephros | earliest vertebrate kidney that probably extended the entire length of the body cavity |
| how did holonephros work | had external glomeruli that drained coelomic fluid (hagfish and caecilians) |
| what does a pronephric duct (that comes from the pronephros) eventually turn into | cloaca |
| when are pronephric tubules actually functional and turn into kidneys | in larval cyclostomes, adult hagfishes, some adult fishes, and embryos of most lower vertebrates |
| what happens to pronephros in most vertevrates | embryonic pronephros regresses, replaces by mesonephros |
| what is mesonephros | corpuscles and tubules in the middle of the embryonic regions |
| what do the mesonephros use for tubules | the tubules use the existing pronephric duct (now called the mesonephric duct) |
| when are mesonephros functional and actually turn into kidneys | embryonic kidney in reptiles, birds, and mammals |
| The functional adult kidney in fish and amphibians is also called | opisthonephros (the same as mesonephros) |
| what happens to the opisthonephros if it persists to being an adult | additional tubules from posterior nephric ridge are added |
| what is posterior nephric ridge | basically metanephros |
| what replaces the pro and meso nephros in amniotes | metanephros |
| so the amniotes start as mesonephros. then ______ comes along and forms the metanephric duct which turns in to the __________ | ureteric diverticulum, ureter |
| what does the metanephric duct do | enlarges and stims the growth of the metanephric tubules |
| adult kidney of amniotes | metanephros |
| what is the mesonephric duct also known as | archinephric duct |
| what does the metanephric duct branch off of | archinephric duct |
| what induces the formation of the metanephros | ureteric bud |
| in jawed fishes and males, how are kidneys different | some anterior tubules of mesonephros conduct sperm from testis to mesonephric duct - "sexual kidney" |
| 2 parts of cloaca | urodaenum- urine corpodaenum- feces |
| some fishes have enlarged urinary ducts. what are some characteristics of this | may be paired or singular, constant discharge, urinary bladders or urogenital sinus |
| what is the allantois | homologous to cloaca, evagination outside of the body in amniotes |
| in which animals does the allantois actually play a role | egg layers like birds and reptiles, acts as a lung or toxic waste disposal |
| what does the allantois do for placental animals | It is very small and non-functional for waste/breathing; the placenta takes over these roles |
| does allantois retain into adulthood | NO |
| in mammals, what does the embryonic cloaca get divided into | rectum/anus (for the digestive system) and the urogenital sinus (which becomes the bladder and urethra) by the urorectal septum |
| freshwater fishes lose salts because | their environment- is hypotonic to body fluids, salts are lost by diffusion and water gained by osmosis |
| what do freshwater fishes do to maintain their tonicity | dont drink water, swallow food only gills use active transport to remove salts from water against conc gradient kidney reabsorb salt large amount of hypotonic urine produced (hypotonic to body) |
| hypotonic | body fluid has less salt content |
| hypertonic | body fluids have higher salt content |
| marine fishes lose | lots of water, since they have less salt than outside |
| how is salt removed from saltwater living fish | active transport across gills, produce small amounts of isotonic urine, kidneys unable to concentrate salts in urine |
| birds and mammals renal tubule # vs lower vertebrates | millions vs few hundred to 1000 dt filtering large amounts of nitrogenous waste from a larger volume of blood- this conserves h2o |
| large renal capsule= | more water in raw filtrate (freshwater fish) |
| thick intermediate segments in nephron | many cilia to drive filtrate through tubule, which means less water will be reabsorbed (no need to conserve water, so freshwater and some shark like animals) |
| marine teleosts and mammals urine is _________ | concentrated |
| dreshwater teleosts and sharks urine is _________ | dilute |
Created by:
kavyasurav