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MAAM MAI M2

MODULE 2—HEALTH STATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

QuestionAnswer
Demography The study of human populations—size, composition, and distribution—used to explain health patterns.
Sources of Demographic Data Census, Sample Surveys, and Registration Systems.
Census Systematic counting and recording of a population’s members.
De Jure Census Assigns people to their usual place of residence.
De Facto Census Assigns people to where they are physically located during the census.
Natural Increase Difference between the number of births and deaths over time.
Absolute Increase The number of people added to a population per year.
Relative Increase Percent change between two census periods.
Population Composition The structure of a population in terms of age and sex.
Sex Ratio Number of males per 100 females in a population.
Median Age The age dividing a population into two equal halves.
Dependency Ratio Compares the dependent (young and old) population to the working-age group.
Population Distribution Describes how people are spread geographically.
Vital Statistics Data related to births, deaths, and diseases used to monitor community health.
Health Indicators Data showing the health status of a population (fertility, morbidity, mortality rates).
Fertility Rate Number of live births per 1,000 women of childbearing age.
Crude Birth Rate Total number of live births per 1,000 population in a year.
Morbidity Rate Incidence or prevalence of a disease in a population.
Incidence Rate Number of new cases of a disease within a specified period.
Prevalence Rate Total number of existing cases at a specific point in time.
Mortality Rate Frequency of deaths in a population.
Crude Death Rate Number of deaths per 1,000 population per year.
Maternal Mortality Rate Number of maternal deaths per 100,000 live births.
Infant Mortality Rate Number of deaths of infants under 1 year per 1,000 live births.
Neonatal Mortality Rate Deaths within the first 28 days per 1,000 live births.
Post-Neonatal Mortality Rate Deaths between 29 days and under 1 year per 1,000 live births.
Susceptible Population Individuals at risk of acquiring a disease.
Immune Population Individuals protected from infection due to immunity.
Epidemic Sudden outbreak of disease affecting many people in a short time.
Endemic Constant presence of a disease within a geographic area.
Sporadic Disease occurring irregularly and infrequently.
Pandemic Disease outbreak that spreads across international borders.
Epidemiological Triangle Explains disease occurrence through interaction of Agent, Host, and Environment.
Herd Immunity Community-level protection achieved when a significant portion is immune through vaccination.
Modes of Transmission Contact, Droplet, Airborne, Vehicle, and Vector-borne routes of disease spread.
Iatrogenic Transmission Disease acquired directly from medical procedures or interventions.
Vertical Transmission Disease passed from mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth.
Epidemiological Investigation Steps Verify epidemic, confirm diagnosis, collect and analyze data, identify source, and recommend control measures.
Monitoring Ongoing assessment of program progress to identify problems and adjust actions.
Evaluation Measures effectiveness, cost-efficiency, and achievement of program goals.
Created by: Jon Anderson
 

 



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