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bio162 e3: missing
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cellular Respiration | A catabolic pathway that extracts maximum energy from glucose to generate ATP. It is a controlled oxidation utilizing NADH and FADH2. |
| ATP | The usable energy molecule; produced to extract energy from glucose. |
| Cellular respiration is this type of pathway, breaking down glucose to release energy. | Catabolic Pathway |
| The primary organic molecule from which the cell extracts maximum energy. | Glucose |
| NADH and FADH2 (High-energy electron carrier molecules.) | Electron carriers that store extracted energy and are used to create an electrochemical gradient in the final stage. |
| Electrochemical Gradient (A difference in charge and concentration across a membrane.) | Created by the energy from electron carriers and used to drive the final production of ATP. |
| Glycolysis (The first stage of cellular respiration, which breaks down glucose into pyruvate.) | Occurs in the cytosol. One glucose (six-carbon) is split into two pyruvate (three-carbon). It is anaerobic. Net gain of 2 ATP (via substrate-level phosphorylation) and 2 NADH. |
| Cytosol | The cellular location where Glycolysis occurs. |
| Anaerobic (Does not require oxygen.) | Describes the process of Glycolysis. |
| Substrate-Level Phosphorylation | The process used in Glycolysis and the Citric Acid Cycle to yield a small amount of ATP. |
| Pyruvate | The three-carbon molecule resulting from glycolysis. It moves into the mitochondrial matrix. |
| Pyruvate Oxidation (A preparatory step that converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA before entering the Citric Acid Cycle.) | Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. Pyruvate is converted to Acetyl-CoA (two-carbon). Releases one CO2 and produces one NADH per pyruvate. |
| Location where Pyruvate Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle take place. | Mitochondrial Matrix ( |
| Acetyl-CoA (A two-carbon molecule attached to Coenzyme A, which enters the Citric Acid Cycle.) | The two-carbon molecule that enters the Citric Acid Cycle. |
| Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle/TCA Cycle) (A circular metabolic pathway in the mitochondrial matrix that completes the oxidation of glucose remnants.) | Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. The remaining carbons are completely oxidized and released as CO2. Primary function is to harvest high-energy electrons. Output (per glucose): 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP. |
| CO2 (Carbon Dioxide) (A waste product of cellular respiration.) | Released during Pyruvate Oxidation and the Citric Acid Cycle (completing the oxidation of sugar). |
| Oxidative Phosphorylation (The final stage where the energy from electron carriers is used to generate the majority of the cell's ATP.) | Occurs on the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane. Uses energy from NADH and FADH2 to generate the main ATP payoff. |
| Inner Mitochondrial Membrane | The location of the Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and Oxidative Phosphorylation. |
| Electron Transport Chain (ETC) (A series of protein complexes that transfer electrons.) | Series of protein complexes on the Inner Mitochondrial Membrane that receive electrons from NADH and FADH2. |
| Chemiosmosis (The process where the energy stored in the proton gradient is used to make ATP.) | The specific process by which the electrochemical gradient created by the ETC drives the synthesis of ATP via an enzyme (ATP synthase). |
| DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) (The genetic material of life.) | A double helix structure consisting of two strands. Each strand is a polymer of nucleotides. It stores genetic information. |
| Nucleotides | he monomers of DNA, consisting of sugar (deoxyribose), phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. |
| Nitrogenous Bases | Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C). They are linked by hydrogen bonds. |
| Semiconservative Replication | Each new DNA molecule retains one original (parent) strand and has one newly synthesized strand. |
| Helicase (The enzyme responsible for unwinding the DNA helix.) | The enzyme that untwists and separates the two parental DNA strands at the replication fork. |
| DNA Polymerase (The enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands.) | The main enzyme that adds new nucleotides to the 3' end of a growing strand; also has a proofreading function. |
| Primer (RNA) (A short segment of RNA needed to start DNA synthesis.) | A necessary short RNA segment that provides the initial 3' end for DNA polymerase to start adding DNA. |
| Leading Strand (The continuously synthesized strand.) | The new strand synthesized continuously in the direction toward the replication fork. |
| Lagging Strand (The discontinuously synthesized strand.) | The new strand synthesized as a series of short fragments (Okazaki fragments), moving away from the replication fork. |
| Ligase (The enzyme that joins DNA fragments.) | The enzyme that glues together the Okazaki fragments to form a continuous strand. |
| NER (Nucleotide Excision Repair) (A key DNA repair mechanism that removes damaged sections of DNA.) | A type of DNA repair that removes and replaces damaged nucleotides, often used for damage caused by UV light. |
| Gene Mapping / Genome Mapping (The process of determining the location and distance of genes on a chromosome.) | The process used to identify the location of genes (landmarks) on chromosomes and the distances between them. |
| Genetic Linkage (The tendency of genes that are close together on a chromosome to be inherited as a unit.) | The phenomenon where genes that are close together on the same chromosome tend to "stick together" and be inherited as a unit more frequently. |
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