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QuestionAnswer
C3 Energy Cost 36 ATP/sugar.
C4 Energy Cost 60 ATP/sugar.
Rubisco Ribulose-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase.
Rubisco's Carboxylase Function Responsible for Carbon fixation (fixes CO2​).
Rubisco's Oxygenase Function Responsible for Oxygen fixation (fixes O2​).
What does Photorespiration do? Helps dissipate ATP and electrons from LDRs and prevents photooxidative damage.
What is C3 Photosynthesis? Type of photosynthesis used in cool, equally damp (moist) conditions.
Does C3 require special structures? No special structure needed.
What is C4 Photosynthesis? An adaptation that uses 2 enzymes to fix CO2​ and requires Kranz anatomy.
C4 Enzyme: Mesophyll PEP Carboxylase (not an oxygenase).
C4 Enzyme: Bundle Sheath Rubisco
What is CAM Photosynthesis? C4 w/ a twist. CO2​ is fixed at night (stomata open) and stored until daylight.
What is the benefit of CAM? Desert conditions, better adaptations. They persist better in times of extreme drought.
What is "CAM-idle"? A state under extreme conditions where stomata are always closed, recycling CO2​ from respiration.
Totipotent (Plants) Means from any living cell, you can regenerate a whole plant.
Primary Culture Cells obtained directly from the source.
Secondary Culture Cells split off from a previous culture.
SDS-PAGE Separation of proteins using SDS; proteins are separated only by size.
Spectrophotometer Determines the amount of protein by measuring the amount of light absorbed.
Gel Electrophoresis Fractionation of Nucleic Acids (separation based on size, shape, and charge).
PAGE (for nucleic acids) Used for separation of small DNA → RNA molecules.
Southern Blot DNA hybridization (named after Dr. Edwin Southern).
Northern Blot RNA hybridization.
Western Blot Protein hybridization.
Recombinant DNA DNA sequences derived from more than one source.
Restriction endonucleases Enzymes that cut DNA at recognition sites; used to dissect genomes into fragments.
DNA ligases Enzymes used to link/join DNA cut with restriction enzymes.
Bacterial Plasmids (for cloning) Contain a replication origin and carry genes for antibiotic resistance.
Transformation Process where Recombinant plasmids (are) introduced to bacterial cells.
Selection Method Transformed cells are Plated on Antibiotic plates
Cancer Link Over 80% of all cancers are linked to P53 misregulation.
Aneuploid Refers to an abnormal number of individual chromosomes.
Polyploid, Haploid, Diploid Refers to whole complete sets of chromosomes.
Created by: user-1999447
 

 



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