click below
click below
Normal Size Small Size show me how
162 e3:other content
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| C3 Energy Cost | 36 ATP/sugar. |
| C4 Energy Cost | 60 ATP/sugar. |
| Rubisco | Ribulose-biphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. |
| Rubisco's Carboxylase Function | Responsible for Carbon fixation (fixes CO2). |
| Rubisco's Oxygenase Function | Responsible for Oxygen fixation (fixes O2). |
| What does Photorespiration do? | Helps dissipate ATP and electrons from LDRs and prevents photooxidative damage. |
| What is C3 Photosynthesis? | Type of photosynthesis used in cool, equally damp (moist) conditions. |
| Does C3 require special structures? | No special structure needed. |
| What is C4 Photosynthesis? | An adaptation that uses 2 enzymes to fix CO2 and requires Kranz anatomy. |
| C4 Enzyme: Mesophyll | PEP Carboxylase (not an oxygenase). |
| C4 Enzyme: Bundle Sheath | Rubisco |
| What is CAM Photosynthesis? | C4 w/ a twist. CO2 is fixed at night (stomata open) and stored until daylight. |
| What is the benefit of CAM? | Desert conditions, better adaptations. They persist better in times of extreme drought. |
| What is "CAM-idle"? | A state under extreme conditions where stomata are always closed, recycling CO2 from respiration. |
| Totipotent (Plants) | Means from any living cell, you can regenerate a whole plant. |
| Primary Culture | Cells obtained directly from the source. |
| Secondary Culture | Cells split off from a previous culture. |
| SDS-PAGE | Separation of proteins using SDS; proteins are separated only by size. |
| Spectrophotometer | Determines the amount of protein by measuring the amount of light absorbed. |
| Gel Electrophoresis | Fractionation of Nucleic Acids (separation based on size, shape, and charge). |
| PAGE (for nucleic acids) | Used for separation of small DNA → RNA molecules. |
| Southern Blot | DNA hybridization (named after Dr. Edwin Southern). |
| Northern Blot | RNA hybridization. |
| Western Blot | Protein hybridization. |
| Recombinant DNA | DNA sequences derived from more than one source. |
| Restriction endonucleases | Enzymes that cut DNA at recognition sites; used to dissect genomes into fragments. |
| DNA ligases | Enzymes used to link/join DNA cut with restriction enzymes. |
| Bacterial Plasmids (for cloning) | Contain a replication origin and carry genes for antibiotic resistance. |
| Transformation | Process where Recombinant plasmids (are) introduced to bacterial cells. |
| Selection Method | Transformed cells are Plated on Antibiotic plates |
| Cancer Link | Over 80% of all cancers are linked to P53 misregulation. |
| Aneuploid | Refers to an abnormal number of individual chromosomes. |
| Polyploid, Haploid, Diploid | Refers to whole complete sets of chromosomes. |