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Lab values
Intro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Acidemia | Acidic blood |
| Alkemia | Alkaline blood |
| Eucapnia | Normal level is too high |
| Hypercapnia | CO2 level is too high |
| Hypocapnia | CO2 level is to low |
| Hypoxemia | Low level of oxygen in arterial blood |
| Hypoxia | Low level of oxygen in the tissue despite adequate perfusion |
| Arterial Blood gasses: Evaluates : Acidic base status | pH |
| Arterial Blood gasses: Evaluates : Ventilation | PaCO2 |
| Arterial Blood gasses: Evaluates : Oxygenation of arterial blood | PaO2 |
| Arterial Blood gasses: Evaluates : Bicarbonate | HCO3 |
| (Ph) in arterial Blood | strictly regulated in the body Deviation in either direction can affect the nervous system cloud cause convulsion or coma |
| HCO3 ( bicarbonate) | helps regulate blood pH Regulates by CO2 we breath |
| What are the norms range for Arterial Blood Gasses | 7.35-7.45 |
| Arterial Blood gasses for PaCo2 | Partial pressure of carbon dioxide Provides info on how well the lungs are able to remove CO2 |
| HCO3 is bicarbonate | alkali ( causes pH to increase) |
| CO2 is carbone dioxide | acidic ( causes pH to decrease) |
| Under breathing | can cause retention of CO2 = in creased acidity = decreased pH AKA respiratory acidosis |
| Over breathing | can cause too much CO2 to be flushed from our system = decreased acidity = increased Ph AKA respiratory alkalosis |
| What are the norm range for PaCO2 | 35-45 mmHg |
| PaO2 partial pressure of oxygen | Think of partial pressure like a concentration or a portion of volume in a mixture of gasses in an environment |
| SaO2 is used with Oxygen saturation of hemoglobin | to provided information about how well the lungs are functioning to oxygenate the blood |
| SaO2 normal range | 95-98% |
| PaO2 Normal range | 80-100 mmHg |
| HCO3 ( bicarbonate) | Chemical buffering system that keeps the blood from becoming too acidic or basic |
| HCO3 ( bicarbonate) Normal range | 22-26 mEq/L |
| White Blood Cells | To identify the presence of infection, inflammation, allergens |
| White Blood Cell Norms | 5.0 - 10 9/L |
| Trending up | Leukocytosis >11 10 9 /L |
| Trending down | Leukocytosis < 4 10 6/ L Neutropenia < 1.5 10 9/L |
| Platelets | Important for blood clotting |
| normal range for platelets | 140-400 k/uL ^ 13 |
| trending up for platelets | Thrombocytosis > 450 k/uL ^ 13 |
| trending down for platelets | Thrombocytopenia < 150 k/uL ^ 13 |
| Presentation of platelets Thrombocytosis (High) | weakness, headaches, dizzines ,chest pain, tingling of hands feet |
| Presentation of platelets Thrombocytopenia (Low) | petechia, ecchymosis, fatigue, jaundice, risk for bleeding |
| Clinical implications of high platelets | elevated levels can lead to venous thromboembolism |
| Clinical implication of low platelets | fall risk awareness; risk of spontaneous hemorrhage |
| hemoglobin | The protein in red blood cells that carry oxygen |
| Assess anemia, blood loss, bone marrow suppression normal range | male: 14-17.4 Female 12-16 |
| Hemoglobin trending up | Polycythemia |
| Hemoglobin trending down | Anemia |
| Hemoglobin presentation upwards | Orthostasis, presyncope, dizziness, arrhythmias |
| Hemoglobin persentation downward | Decreased endurance, decreased activity tolerance, pallor, tachycardia |
| Clinical implications for high hemoglobin | critical high values can lead to capillary clogging |
| Clinical implications for low levels | monitor vitals to predict tissue perfusion, symptom-based approach, transfused 7 g/dL |
| Hematocrit | is the % of red blood cells in blood |
| normal range for Hematocrit | Male: 42-52% Female 37-47% |
| Hematocrit trending upward | Polycythemia |
| Hematocrit trending downward | Anemia |
| the presentation of polycythemia (up) | fever, headache, dizziness, weakness, fatigue, easy bruising or bleeding |
| the presentation of Anemia (down) | pallor, headache, dizziness, cold hands/feet. chest pain, arrhythmia, shortness of breath |
| the clinical implication for critical high values | can lead to spontaneous blood clotting |
| the clinical implications for low values of hematocrit | monitor vitals for tissue perfusion, might have impaired endurance, progress slowly with activity |
| Glucose | the measure of blood sugar |
| Normal range of Glucose | 70-100 mg/dL |
| High trending Glucose | > 200 mg/dL Hyperglycemia |
| Low trending Glucose | < 70 mg/dL hypoglycemia |
| presentation of Hyperglycemia (up) | diabetic ketoacidosis, sever fatigue |
| presentation of Hypoglycemia (down) | lethargy, irritability, shaking, extremity, weakness , loss of consciousness |
| clinical implication for Hyperglycemia | decreased activity levels if too high |
| clinical implication for hypoglycemia | low levels, may tolerate therapy until glucose levels increase |
| Troponin | measure the amount of the protein troponin the blood |
| troponin is found in your heart muscle normal range | <.03ng/mL |
| trending up troponin | begins to rise 4-6 hours after onset, peak at 18-24 hours, trending up could also mean the cardiac muscles are being stressed to much |
| trending down troponin | cardiac event is resolving |
| trends can also be a gauge for physical therapy activity progression | progression should be slow regardless |
| Sodum | primary determinate of extracellular fluid volume |
| Normal range of sodium | 134-142 mEq/L^13 |
| trending up of sodium >145 | Hypernatramia |
| trending down of sodium <130 | Hyponatramia |
| presentation of Hypernatremia (up) | irritability, agitation, seizure, coma, hypotension, tachycardia, decreased urinary output |
| presentation of Hyponatremia (down) | headache, lethargic, decreased reflexes, nausea & vomiting, seizures, coma, orthostatic hypotension, pitting edema |
| Clinical implications of hypernatremia & Hyponatremia | Impaired cognitive status monitor vitals Monitor for seizures when elevated |
| Potassium | important for excitable cells ie. nerves, muscles, cardiac tissue |
| Potassium normal ranges | 3.7-5.1 |
| Potassium trending up > 5.5 | hyperkalemia |
| potassium trending down < 3.5 | Hypokalemia |
| presentation for hyperkalemia (up) | muscle weakness, paresthesia, bradycardia, heart block, ventricular fibrillation, cardiac arrest |
| presentation of Hypokalemia (down) | extremity weakness, decreased reflexes, paresthesia, leg cramps, cardiac arrest hypotension constipation |
| Clinical implication for Hyperkalemia | may present with muscle weakness during intervention if too high. May risk for cardiac issues |
| Clinical implication for Hypokalemia | Symptom-bassed approach if too low Regardless, monitor pt status & vitals |
| Calcium | important for bone formation, blood coagulation, muscle contraction & release of neuotransmitters |
| Calcium normal ranges | 8.6-10.3 |
| Calcium trending up | Hypercalcemia |
| Calcium trending down | Hypocalcemia |
| Presentation of Hypercalcemia (up) | cardiac symptoms, lethargy, muscle weakness, nausea & vomiting, decreased reflexes |
| Presentation of Hypocalcemia (down) | Confusion, agitation, seizure, fatigue, numbness/tingling, increased reflexes |
| Clinical implication foe Hypercalcemia & Hypocalcemia | Symptom-based approach Might have cognitive impairment Monitor for cardiac symptoms & vitals |
Created by:
ethan maier